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?■  J      PHILIPS"  COMPARATIVE 


OF 


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Ramsay  Muir,  M.A. 


3 /-Net. 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


/  ?  i'^-    n  -i  i^-^^^  •  ^ 


a  . 


A 

NEW  SCHOOL  ATLAS 

OF 

MODERN  HISTORY 


A  Series  of  48  Plates,  containing  120  Coloured  Maps  &  Diagrams,  with  an  Introduction 
illustrated  by  29  Maps  and  Plans  in  black  ond  white 


By   RAMSAY   MUIR.    M.A., 

Professor  of  Modern  Hiiiory  in  the  University  of  Liverpool 


GEORGE  PHILIP  &  SON,  Ltd.. 
LONDON :  THE  LONDON  GEOGRAPHICAL  INSTITUTE.  32  FLEET  STREET.  E.G. 
LIVERPOOL;  PHILIP.  SON  &  NEPHEW.  LTD..  SOUTH  CASTLE  STREET 

1911 
(All  rights  reserved.) 


UCLA  ^•''5^  i  IP.RARY 
RECEIVC     ^iH\}\  'l980 


FIL^ 


mt\r  LiiJKARY 


/03O 


PREFACE. 


THE  teaching  of  Modern  Historj',  whether 
English,  European,  American  or  Colonial, 
has  long  been  handicapped  in  England  by 
the  non-existence  of  a  carefully  produced  historical 
atlas,  covering  the  whole  ground  and  issued  at  a 
price  which  will  place  it  within  the  reach  of  all 
schools.  This  gap  the  present  work  endeavours  to 
fill,  as  I'Utzger's  excellent  work  fills  it  in  Germany. 
No  pains  have  been  spared  to  achieve  this  end,  and 
every  map  has  been  specially  drawn  and  specially 
engraved. 

It  is  claimed  that  this  work  is  distinguished 
from  other  historical  Atlases,  whether  English  or 
foreign,  by   several  features. 

(i)  In  the  first  place,  great  emphasis  is  through- 
out placed  upon  the  physical  basis  of  historical 
geography.  Not  only  are  mountain  hachures  inserted 
on  all  politically  coloured  maps  of  sufficiently  large 
scale,  but  a  series  of  physical  maps  has  been 
included,  carefully  designed  so  as  to  show  the  build 
of  all  the  principal  areas  of  historical  importance. 
The  periods  illustrated  by  these  maps  are  those  in 
which  the  political  divisions  were  sufficiently  simple 
to  be  adequately  shown  by  red  lines.  These  physical 
maps  have  been  so  placed  as  to  be  capable  of  being 
used  in  conjunction  with  groups  of  other  maps  of 
the  same  area,  and  it  is  hoped  that  in  this  way 
the  influence  of  the  build  of  a  country  upon  its 
history  will  be  made  readily  manifest  to  the  student. 

(2)  As  nothing  tends  to  make  a  map  more 
confusing,  and  therefore  less  instructive  to  the  young 
student,  than  a  multiplicity  of  names,  great  care 
has  been  taken  to  insert  only  those  names  which 
are  likely  to  be  useful  to  the  student  at  the  period 
dealt  with.  The  Editor  has  generally  thought  it 
better  to  risk  including  too  few  rather  than  too 
many  names. 

(3)  As  the  Atlas  is  intended  to  be  used  by 
young  people  of  the  greatest  colonising  nation  in 
history,  special  attention  has  been  devoted  to  Indian, 
American,  and  Colonial  history,  and  it  is  believed 
not  merely  that  no  small  atlas,  but  no  large  atlas 
of  general  history,  contains  so  careful  and  full  a 
treatment  of  these  subjects  as  will  be  found  in  the 
fourth  section  of  this  book.  The  series  of  maps 
showing  the  progress  in  exploration  and  settlement 
of  the  extra-European  world  will,  it  is  hoped,  prove 
both  instructive  and  stimulating  to  the  imagination. 

(4)  At  the  same  time  the  United  Kingdom  has 
received  especially  full  treatment,  and  some  of  the 
maps  contained    in   the    book    deal   with   aspects   of 


English   History  which  have   never  been   treated   in 
the  same  way  in  similar  works. 

(5)  The  Introduction  contains  a  series  of  com- 
ments upon  each  of  the  maps  in  turn,  which  it  is 
hoped  will  be  of  assistance  to  the  teacher.  A 
number  of  supplementary  sketch  maps,  illustrating 
special  points,  have  been  inserted  in  the  Introduction, 
together  with  a  .selection  of  battle-plans.  In  the 
difficult  task  of  selecting  the  battles  to  be  thus  illus- 
trated, the  Editor  has  been  chiefly  guided  by  the 
needs  of  teaching.  The  teacher  is  seldom  able  to 
find  time  for  the  detailed  study  of  more  than  a  few 
battles  during  the  school  course,  and  it  is  hoped  that 
those  which  have  been  chosen  include  all  or  nearly 
all  those  which  the  majority  of  English  teachers  are 
accustomed  to  treat  in  detail. 

A  larger  edition,  containing  a  number  of  ad- 
ditional maps,  is  in  preparation  for  the  use  of  teachers 
and  more  advanced  students.  To  this  edition  a 
detailed    Index   will   be   added. 

It  is  the  hope  of  the  Editor  and  Publishers 
that  this  Atlas  will  form  a  real  aid  in  the  study 
and  teaching  of  history.  They  have  spared  no  pains 
to  secure  this  end.  But  as  no  book  can  hope  to 
attain  perfection  at  its  first  putting  forth,  they  will 
be  genuinel)^  grateful  to  all  users  of  the  Atlas  who 
will  direct  their  attention  to  the  mistakes  of  omission 
or  commission  which,  despite  their  care,  are  sure 
to  exist,  or  who  will  help  them  with  suggestions 
for  its  improvement  in  a  later  edition. 

In  view  ol  the  vastness  of  its  range,  it  is  obvious 
that  the  Atlas  does  not  and  cannot  claim  to  be  based 
upon  original  research  at  more  than  a  few  points. 
The  Editor's  object  has  been  to  select  and  adapt  for 
teaching  purposes  the  best  results  of  modern  scholar- 
ship in  this  field,  and  he  has  drawn  largely  upon  all 
the  standard  historical  Atlases  of  England,  France, 
Germany,  and  America,  especially  those  of  Schradcr, 
Droysen,  Spriiner-Menke  and  Poole,  as  well  as  upon 
books  and  monographs  far  too  numerous  to  be  named 
here.  He  has  profited  also  by  the  advice  and  counsel 
of  many  friends.  But  beyond  all  other  debts  is  that 
which  he  owes  to  Mr.  George  Philip,  F.R.G.S.,  who 
has  placed  all  his  cartographical  skill  unstintingly  at 
his  command,  and  without  whose  patience,  ingenuity 
and  knowledge  the  atlas  would  probably  never  have 
been  compiled.  Mr.  Philip  has  been  good  enough 
to  contribute  the  admirable  series  of  maps  of  the 
world  showing  the  progress  of  exploration  and  settle- 
ment, which  will  be  found  to  be  one  of  the  most 
valuable  features  of  the  book. 


Liverpool,  July,  zpio. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Illustrated  with  2g  Sketch-maps  and  Battle  Plans  in  black  and  white. 


Section  I. — General  Maps  of  Europe  and  the 
Mediterranean  Basin.  With  the  following 
Maps  :  The  Races  of  Europe,  c.  i  loo  (p.  ix.) ;  the 
Religions  of  Europe,  c.  iioo  (p.  x.)  ;  the  Hanseatic 
League  (p.  x.)  ;  the  Religions  of  Central  Europe,  c. 
1600  (p.  xi.);  the  Religions  of  Europe,  c.  1648   p.  xii). 

Section  II. — The  Growth  of  the  Pri.nxipal 
States  of  Europe.  With  the  following  Maps  : 
The  Protestants  in  France  (p.  xv.)  ;  the  field  of  the 
Franco-German  War  (p.  xvi.) ;  the  Battlefields  of  N. 
Italy  (p.  xvi.) ;  the  lines  of  Torres  Vedras  (p.  xvii.)  ; 
the  Campaign  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  (p.  xvii.) ;  and 
Plans  of  the  battles  of  Bouvines  (p.  xv.),  Austerlitz 


(p.  xii.),  Jena  (p.  .xiii.),  Leipzig  (p.  xiii.),  Blenheim 
(p.  xviii.),  and  Waterloo  (p.  xiv.). 
Section  III. — The  British  Isles.  With  Maps  of 
the  Campaign  of  Marston  Moor  (p.  xxi.)  and  the 
Enclosures  of  the  i8th  Century  (p.  xxii.),  and  PLANS 
of  the  battles  of  Bannockburn  (p.  xx.),  Cressy 
(p.  XX.),  Poitiers  (p.  xx.),  Agincourt  (p.  x.x.), 
Marston  Moor  fp.  xxi.),  Naseby  (p.  xxi.),  Dunbar 
(p.  xxii.)  and  Worcester  (p.  xxiii). 

Section  IV. — The  Europeanisation  of  the 
World.  With  Plans  of  the  Battles  of  the  Nile 
(p.  xxiii),  Copenhagen  (p.  xxiv.)  and  Trafalgar  (p. 
xxiv). 


LIST  OF  COLOURED   PLATES. 

*  Maps  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  coloured  physically,  the  hill-shading  being  shown  in  addition. 

Section  I. — General  Maps  of  Europe  and  the  Mediterranean  Basin — Ten  Plates. 


Plate  Number 

*Europe  on  the  Eve  of  the  Barbarian  Irruptions — 
c.  395  A.D.     Physical.     Scale  i  :  25,000,000   ...      i 

Europe,  c.  476  A.D.      1:25,000,000  2a 

Europe,  c.  520  A.D.      i  :  20,000,000  ...  ...      2b 

~  Europe    in    the    Age  of   Charlemagne — Physical. 

I  :  20,000,000        3 

The  Partition  of  Verdun,  843  A.D.     I  :  20,000,000        ...        3a 
*Mohaminedan    Dominions    in    Asia — Physical.     Scale 

I  :  40,000,000       ...  ...  ...  ...  ...       3/^ 


Plate  Number 
C.    IIOO 


Europe  at  the  time  of  the  First  Crusade 

A.D.      I  :  20,000,000         ...  ... 

Europe,  c.  1360.     i  :  20,000,000      

Europe  in  1519.      i  :  15,000,000     ... 

Europe     at     the     Peace     of    Westphalia,     1648 
I  :  15,000,000       

Europe  in  1740.      1:15,000,000      ... 

Europe  under  Napoleon,  18 10.     i  :  15,000,000    .. 

Europe  in  181 5.      i  :  20,000,000 


Section  II.— The  Growth  of  the  Principal  States  of  Europe— Thirteen  Plates. 


The  Netherlands  in  the  XVII.  Century,  showing 
also  the  Principal  Battlefields,     i  :  2,500,000... 
Campaign  of  Waterloo,     i  :  1,000,000 

Growth  of  the  Swiss  Confederation,     i  :  2,000,000 

•France  and  Burgundy,  showing  the  Main  Political 
Divisions  about  the  year  987  A.D. — Physical. 
I  :  5,000,000 

Growth  of  the  French  Monarchy  from  Philip 
Augustus  to  the  Hundred  Years  War. 
I  :  9,000,000 

France,  1461-1 595.     1:9,000,000 

The  Growth  of  France  on  the  North-East. 
I  :  6,000,000         

Southern  Border  of  France,      i  :  6,000,000 
Paris    at    the    time    of    the    P'rench    Revolution. 
I  :  50,000 

•Italy  about  600  A.D. — Physical.     1:5,000,000     ... 
Rome  in  the  Middle  Ages.      I  :  100,000 

Italy  in  the  X.  Century  and  up  to  the  Normati 
Conquest,      i  :  10,000,000 

Italy  in  the  XII.  and  XIII.  Centuries,    i  :  8,000,000 


I  la 
lie 


12 


I3<r 
13'/ 

13^ 

I  'a 
15^ 


Northern  and  Central   Italy  in  the  XV.  Century 

(1454-1494).      1:5,000,000 
Growth  of  Venice,      i  :  5,000,000  ... 
Growth  of  Florence,      i  :  5,000,000 
Italy     in     the     XVII.    and     XVIII.    Centuries. 

1  :  10,000,000       

Italy  in  the  XIX.  Century,      i  :  10,000,000 
Iberian   Peninsula  at   the   beginning  of  the  XII. 

Century,     i  :  10,000,000 
Iberian  Peninsula  from  125710  1492.   i  :  10,000,000 
•Iberian    Peninsula  at  the  time  of  the  Peninsular 

War — Physical.      1:5,000,000 

Strait  ol  Gibraltar.     I  :  2,500,000 
•Gennany,  c.  962  A.D. — Physical. 
Germany  in  the  XII.  Century,     i 
Germany    at     the     end    of    the 

1  :  12,000,000       

The  Upper  Rhine  and  Upper  Danube,   i  :  5,000,000 
The  German  Confederation,      i  :  12,000,000 
The  Growth  of  Brandenburg-Prussia     i  :  6,000,000 
The    Growth    of   Prussia    in    the    XIX.   Century. 

I  :  6,000,000         


I  :  5,000,000    ... 

:  12,000,000     ... 

XV.    Century. 


4 
S 
6 

7 
8 

9 

10 


15^ 
iSd 
I5<r 

1 6a 
i6b 

1 6c 
i6d 

17 
17a 

18 

1 9(1 

19*^ 
19^ 
19^/ 
20a 

20* 


CONTENTS. 


Plate  Number 

Growth      of      the      Habsburg       Dominions. 

I  :  10,000,000       ...  ...  ...  ...  ...   2ia 

Growth  of  the  Ottoman  Empire.     1:20,000,000...    2i(^ 
Algiers  and  Tunis.     I  :  30,000,000      ...  ...  ...     2lt 

Middle  Eastern  Europe  in  1667.     i  :  18,000,000     22a 


Plate  Number 

Middle  Eastern   Europe  in    1795.     1  :  18,000,000  221^ 

The  Second  and  Third  Crusades,      i  :  20,000,000  23a 

The  h'ourth  and  Later  Crusades,     i  :  20,000,000  23*^ 

The  Latin  States  in  Syria,     i  :  5,000,000         ...  23c 

Constantinuple  at  the  time  of  the  Crusades.     1:200,000  231^ 

Jerusalem  during  the  Crusades,      i  :  25,000    ...            ...  23<? 


Section  III. — The  British   Isles — Thirteen  Plates. 


•Roman  Britain — Physical,      i  :  3,000,000  ...  24 

Britain  according  to  I'tolemy ...  ...         ...  ...  2411 

The  English  Conquest  of  Britain,     i  :  6,000,000  25(j 

England  in  the  Eighth  Century,      i  :  6,000,000...  2^^ 

England  at  the  Treaty  of  Wed  more  or  Chippen- 
ham.     1:6,000,000       ...  ...  ...  ...  25^ 

England  on   the  eve  of  the   Norman   Conquest. 

I  :  6,000,000       ...         ...  ..         ...         ...  2  5'/ 

England  and  her   Invaders  in  the  XI.  Century. 

I  :  8,000,000        ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  26 

Mediaeval  England  and  Wales.      1:2,500,000    ...  27 

London  in  the  Middle  Ages.     1:75,000         ...  ...  27a 

The  Angevin  Empire.      1:6,000,000       ...  ...  28 

France  at  the  Peace  of  Bretigny,  1360.  1:9,000,000  29^ 

France  in  1429.      i  :  9,000,000       ...  ...  ...  29^ 

Wales  and  the  Marches  in  the  XII  I.e.    1:2,500,000  2gc 

The  Scottish  Borders.      1:2,500,000        ...  ...  2gd 

Ecclesiastical  England  to  the  time  of  Henry  VIII. 

I  :  3,000,000       ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  30 

English  Dioceses  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Period,  c.  800. 

I  :  9,000,000       ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  30a 


1643- 
War. 


I  :  4,000,000 
1 644- 1 645. 


I 


*Scotland  in  the  XI.  Cent. — Physical. 
First  Conquests  of  the  Scots,  c.  500  a.d 


England  during  the  Civil  War, 
England     during     the     Civil 
4,000,000. 

"     '     I  :  2,000,000 
I  :  3,000,001) 

Scotland  in  the  i6th  and  17th  Centuries,  showing 
the  principal  Clans  and  Families,    i  :  3,000,000 

Scotland  since  the  Restoration,      i  :  3,000,000   ... 

The  Young  Pretender's  Route  in  England.    1  :  6,0.10,000 

*Ireland  in  the  Middle  Ages,  showing  the  principal 

Families  and  Clans — Physical,      i  ;  3,000,000 

The   English    Plantation   of  Ireland  in  the  XVI.  and 

XVII.  Centuries.     1:8,000,000... 

Ireland  since  the  Reformation,  i  :  3,000,000  ... 
The  Cromwellian  Settlement  in  Ireland.     I  :  8,000,000 

The  United  Kingdom  :  Parliamentary  Represen- 
tation before  1832.     i  :  4,500,000       

England  before  the  Industrial  Revolution,  c.  1701. 
I  :  4,000,000 

England  after  the  Industrial  Revolution,  1901. 
I  :  4,000,000 


3"^ 

3"^ 

32 

32a 

33^ 

33"^ 

14a 

34* 

34<^ 
34"' 

35 

36^ 

36^ 


Section  IV.— The  Europeanisation  of  the  World— Twelve  Plates. 


The  World  at  the  Treaty  of  Saragossa,  1529    ...  ^ya 
The  World  according  to  Behaim,  1492            ...            ...        57* 

The  World  according  to  Schoner,  1323  ...  ...        37c 

The  World,  1600-1650       38rt: 

The  World  according  to  Mercator,  1587         ...  ...       jSd 

Australia  according  to  Tasman,  1643      •••         •••         •••        3^^ 

The  World  at  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  1763  ...  39^ 

The  World  according  to  Homan,  1716  ...  ...        j()i 

1  he  World  according  to  d'Anville,  1761  ...  ...        39;: 

The  World  in  1830  40a 

Arctic  Exploration,  i  :  100,000,000    ...  ...  ...        40* 

Antarctic  Exploration,  I  :  100,000,000  ...  ...        40c 

Growth  of  the  German  ZoUverein,  i  :  12,000,0(10.       ...  40*/ 

♦West  Indies  and  Central   America  showing  the 
Dates  of  the  Principal  European  Settlements — 

Physical,      i  :  25,000,000  ...  ...  ...  41a 

Political  Distribution  in  1650.     i  :  50,000,000  -    ...  411J 

Political  Distribution  in  1763.      I  :  50,000,000  ...        41^ 

Political  Distribution  in  1855.     I  :  50,000,000  ...  4i</ 

The  Colonisation  of  N  orth  America,    i :  1 0,000,000  42a 

New  England  in  1650.     i  :  5,000,000  ...  ...  421^ 

The  Middle  Colonies  in  1650.     i  :  5,000,000  ...        42^ 

*North    America,    1750- 1783 — Physical. 

1:10,000,000       ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  43 

Quebec,     i  :  250,000  ...  ...  ...  ...  4^1 

Boston.      I  :  1,000,000.  ...  ...  ...  ...  43^ 


The  Growth  of  British  North  America  and  the 

United   States.      1:25,000,000             44 

*India  in  the  time  of  Clive  and  Warren  Hastings — 

Physical,      i  :  20,000,000          ...          ...          ...  45a 

Calcutta  and    the  adjacent   Districts   or  Zemindaries, 

I  :  10,000,000     ...           ...           ...           ...           ...  45* 

India  in  1805.      1:20,000,000        ...          ...          ...  45^: 

Neighbourhood  of  Madras.     I  :  10,000,000    ...            ...  451/ 

India  in  1858.      1:15,000,000       ...  46 

Ceylon.     I  :  15,000,000           ...            ...            ...            ...  46 

Modern  Europeanisation  of  Africa,  European  Pos- 
sessions and  Spheres  of  Influence.  1:80,000,000  47a 
Cape    Colony   before   and  after  the  Great  Trek. 

1:10,000,000       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  47  d 

West  Africa.      1:20,000,000          ...          ...          ...  47t 

•South  Africa,  showing  Growth  of  British  Power 

during  the  XIX. Cent. — Physical.  1:20,000,000  47^ 
•Natal  and  Zululand  for  the  Boer  and  Zulu  Wars. 

I  :  4,000,000       ..:          ...          ...          ...          ...  47^ 

*The  British  Settlement  of  Australasia — Physical. 

I  ;  40,000,000      ...          ...           ...          ...          ...  48a 

The    Narrow    Seas,    to    illustrate    British    Naval 

Wars.     1:6,000,000      48(J 

The  North  Atlantic.  Equatorial  scale  l : 50,000,000  48^: 


CONTENTS. 


CLASSIFIED    LIST   OF   MAPS   AND   SUBJECTS. 


Plate  number 

...       A7'i 

37-40,  47a 

47<r 


Africa,  British  South — Physical 

Europeanisation  of 

West,  Colonisation  of    .. 

Agincourt,  Battle  of — Fig.  xx.,  hitroduction,  p.  xx. 
America,  Central — Physical      ...  ...  ...       4ii» 

Political  Distribution  in  1650     411^ 

in  1763     4IC 

in  1855     4lr/ 

North,  Colonisation  of  ...        37-40,42^ 


Exploration  of  Arctic 
Growth    of    United    States 


and  Canada  ... 

North — Physical,  1750-17S3 

South... 


£,ob 

44 
43 

37-40 

Angevin  Empire  ...         ...         ...         ...         28 

Antarctic  Exploration   ...  ...  ...  ...        40^ 

Arctic  E.xploration         ...  ..  ...  ...       40^ 

Atlantic,  North   ...  ...  ...  ...  ...        48^: 

Austerlitz,  Battle  of — Fig.  vi ,  Introduction,  p.  xii. 
Australasia,  Settlement  of — Physical  ...        38-40,  48^ 
Australia,  according  to  Tasman  ...         ...        38c 

Austrian  Empire,  Growth  of  the         ...  ...        21a 

in  1667  ...  ...  ...        22a 

in  1795  4-10,  22b 

Bannockburn,  Battle  of — Fig.  x.v\\.,  Introduction,  p.  .xx. 
Behaim,  World  according  to     ...  ...  ...        37^^ 

Belgian  Congo    ...  ...  ...  ...  ...       47^ 

Belgium    ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...\Q,\\a 

Blenheim,  Battle  of — Fig.  xvi.   Introduction,  p.  xviii. 

Bohemia 3-10,  18,  19,  2\a 

Boston  Harbour...  ...  ...  ...  ...        43/) 

Bouvines,  Battle  of — Fig.  x.,  Introduction,  p.  xv. 


5-10,  19,  20a  20b 

24(T 


Brandenburg,  Growth  of 

Britain,  according  to  Ptolemy  .. 

English  Conquest  of    ...          .  .          ...  25a 

Roman — Physical         ...          ...          ...  24 

British  Empire    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  38-48 

Isles,  and  their   Invaders  in  the  XI.  c.  26 

Parliamentary  Representation  ...  35 

•-.  ...  ...  ...    see  also  I -10 


Burgundy,  County  of     ... 

Duchy  of 

Kingdom  of... 

Calcutta,  Environs  of    ... 

Canada,  Growth  of         ...  

see  also  America,  North 

Cape  Colony 

Carolingian  Empire 

Central  America — see  America,  Central 

Charlemagne,  I'"mi)ire  of 

Constantinople  during  the  Crusades 


6-y,  lib,  19/; 

4.  12,  13,  19^' 
3,  4,  12,  iga 

...       45^ 
44 

...        47^ 
3.  l>a 

3 
2zd 


Copenhagen, BattIeof—F;^.xxviii.,/«/r(?a'«(r//t>/«,  p.  xxiv 


Plats  number 

Cressy,  Battle  of — Fig.  xviii.,  Introduction,  p.  x,x. 
Crimea     ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...   10,  22 

Crusades  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         23 

d'Anville,  World  according  to  ...  ...        igc 

Denmark...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...      5-10 

Dunbar,  Battle  of — Fig.  x.xv.,  Jnirodiic/ion,  p.  x.Kii. 
Dutch  Colonial  Empire...  ...  ...        38-42,  45a 

Eastern  Empire,  the       ...  ...  ...  2-5.  23 

Empire,  the  Holy  Roman  ...  ...       4-8,  18,  19 

England,  and  her  Invaders  in  the  XI.  Century         26 

Angevin  Empire        ...  ..  ...  28 

Anglo-Saxon...         ...         ...         ...25,  30^ 

during  the  Civil  War  ...  ..  31 

Ecclesiastical...  ...  ...  ...        T,oa 

Industrial  Revolution  ...  ...         36 

Mediaeval        ...  ...  ...  ...  27 

Enclosures  in — Fig.  xxiv.,  Introduction, 

p.  xxii. 
English  Channel  ...  ...  ...  ...       48^ 

Europe     ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...      i-io 

Middle  Eastern  ...  ...  ...  ...  22 

• -Racial  M ap,C.  900 A. D. — Fig.  i ,  Introduction,  p.  ix. 

Religious  Divisions,  at  the  First  Crusade — 

Fig.  ii.,  Introductio7i,  p   x. 
Religious  Divisions,  164S — Fig.  v.. 

Introduction,  p.  xii. 

Southern,  during  the  Crusades  ...  23 

Florence,  Growth  of       ...  ...  ...  ...        15^ 

France  and  Burgundy  in  987 — Physical  ...  12 

and  the  Angevin  Empire         ...  ...  28 

Growth  of  ...  ...  ...  ...  13 

in  the  Hundred  Years'  War    ...  29a,  2gb 


Protestants  in  (Reign  of  Louis  XIV.) — 

Fig.  xi..  Introduction,  p.  xv. 

...  ...  ...  ...  see  also      3-10 

Introduction,  p.  xvi. 

2/',  3 

...38-43,  4S-48« 
47^7,  47^ 


Franco-German  War — Fig.  xii. 
Franks,  Empire  of  the  ... 
French  Colonial  Empire 
German  Colonial  iMnpire 

Confederation  ... 

ZoUverein 


\gd 

Apd 

Germany  about  the  )'car  962 — Physical          ...  18 

in  the  XII.  Century...          ...          ...  \ga 

in  the  XV.  Century  ...          ...          ...  \gb 

the  Upper  Rhine  and  Upper  Danube  \gc 

...          ...          ...          ...    see  also  y\o,  20,  2\ 

—  Religious  Divisions  in  1555 — Fig.  iv., 


Introduction,  p.  .xi. 

Gibraltar I7« 

GustavusAdolphus, March  of — Fig.y.\'.,hitrodn.\).  xvii 
Habsburg  Dominions,  Growth  of  the...  ...        2\<i 

Hanseatic  League — Fig.  iii.,  Introduction,  p.  x. 
Holland — see  Netherlands. 


CONTENTS. 


CLASSIFIED    LIST   OF   MAPS   AND    SUBJECTS— con/tnued. 


Plate  number 

Homan,  World  according  to 39^ 

Hundred  Years'  War 28-29 

Hungary 4-10,  21a,  22 

Iberian  Peninsula  during  the  Peninsular  War — 

Physical          17 

Xn.  Century          i6c 

Xni.— XV.  Century         ...  i6d' 

...          ...          ...     sn-  also  I  - 1  o 

India  in  1805      45<^ 

in  1858      46 

under  Clive  &  Warren  Hastings — Physical  45^2 

Industrial  Revolution  in  England        ...          ...  36 

Ireland,  Cromwellian  Settlement         ...          ...  34;/ 

English  Plantation       ...          ...          ...  34^^ 

in  the  Middle  Ages — Physical           ..  34a 

since  the  Reformation             ...         ...  34c 

see  also  British  Isles. 

Italy,  about  600  A.D. — Physical            14 

in  the  X.  Century            ...         ...         ...  15^: 

in  the  XII.  and  XIII.  Centuries            ...  15^^ 

in  the  XVII.  and  XVIII.  Centuries     ...  \6a 

in  the  XIX.  Century       161^ 

Northern  &  Central,  in  the  XV.  Century  \i,c 

Battlefields  of  Northern  Italy — Fig.  xiii., 

hitrodiiction,  p.  xvi. 

...          ...          ...          ...          ...    see  also  i-io 


Jena,  Battle  of — Fig.  vii..  Introduction,  p.  xiii. 
Jerusalem  during  the  Crusades  ...  ...        23^ 

Leipzig,  Battle  of — Ftg.  viii..  Introduction,  p.  xiii. 
Lorraine  ...         ...         ...         ...  6-8,  10,  13,  igc 

London  in  the  Middle  Ages     ...         ...         ...       2ya 

Madras,  Environs  of      ...         ...         ...         ...       45</ 

Marston  Moor,Battleof — Fig. xxii.,  fu/roduction, p. kxL 
Campaign  of — Fig.  xxi.,  Intro- 
duction, p.  xxi. 
Mercator,  World  according  to   ..  ...  ...        38^5 

Merovingian  Empire      ...  ..  ...  ...  2 

Mohammedan  Empire,  in  8oD ...         ...         ...  3 

■ ■  under  the  Ottomans    5-10,  2il>,  22 

Moluccas  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...    37-40 

Napoleon,  Empire  of 9 

Narrow  Seas       ...         ...         ...       48^ 

Naseby,  Battle  of — Fig'  xxiii.,  Introduction,  p.  xxi. 
Natal  and  Zululand        ...         ...         ...         ...        471? 

Netherlands,  The  ...  ...  ...  6-10,  iia 

Netherlands,  Spanish  (or  Austrian)     ...    6-7,  iia,  2ii? 
New  England  in  1650    ...         ...         ...         ...       42^^ 

New  Zealand,  Settlement  of     ...  ...  ...       48^ 

Nile,  Battle  of  the — Fig-,  xxvii.,  Introduction,  p.  x.xiii. 

North  America — see  America,  North, 

Norway    ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  4-10,  22 

Ottoman  Empire  ,,.         ...         ...5-10,  2.\b,  23 


Palatinate 

Palestine  during  the  Crusades  ... 

Papal  States 

Paris  during  the  French  Revolution 


Plate  number 

...6-8,  19 

23<r 

,  4-8,  10,  14-16 

13*? 


Parliamentary  Representation   of  the   United 

Kingdom       ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  35 

Peninsular  War  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         17 

Poitiers,  Battle  of — Fig.  xi.x..  Introduction,  p.  xx. 
Poland      ...  ...  ...  ...  ...       4-8,10,22 

Portugal — see  Iberian  Peninsula. 

Portuguese  Colonial  Empire     ...  ...    37-40,45-47 

Prussia     ...  ...  ...  ...  ...      5-10,19,20 

Ptolemy's  Map  of  Britain         ...  ...  ...       24^ 

Quebec     ...         ...         ...         ...       43^ 

Roman  Empire,  the       ...         ...         ...         ...  i 

Roman  Empire,  Eastern  ..  ...  ...2-5,23 

Rome  in  the  Middle  Ages        ...        i^a 

Russia      ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  4-10,  22 

Russian  Empire ...         ...         ...         ...         ...    37-40 

Saracens — see  Mohammedan  Empire  and  Spain. 
Schoner,  World  according  to    ...  ...  ...        37^ 

Scotland,  first  conquests  of  the  Scots...  ...        32^ 

in  the  XI.  Century — Physical  ...         32 

in    the  XVI.  and    XVII.  Centuries, 

showing  Clans  ...  ...  ..  ...        33^ 

— since  the  Restoration  ...  ...        33^ 

see  also  British  Isles. 

Scottish  Border,  the       ...         ...         ...         ...       2gd 

Senegambia  and  Guinea  ...  ..  ...        47^: 

Spain — see  Iberian  Peninsula. 
Spanish  Colonial  Empire 
Spice  Is. — see  Moluccas. 
Sweden     ... 

Swiss  Confederation,  Growth  of 
Syria — see  Palestine. 

Tasman's  Map  of  Australia     ...  38*: 

Torres  Vedras,  Lines  of — Fig:  xiv  ,  Introduction,  p.  xvii. 
Trafalgar,  Battle  of — Fig.  xxix..  Introduction,  p.  sl-kIv. 
Turkish  Empire  —see  Ottoman  Empire. 
United   Kingdom — see  British   Isles,  England, 

Scotland,  Ireland 

United  Provinces  ...  y,i,iia 

United  States      42,43,44 

Venice,  Growth  of  ...  ...  ...  ...        151^ 

Wales  and  the  Marches  in  XIII.  Century      ...        29^ 

see  also  under  England. 

Waterloo,  Battle  oii—Fig.  ix..  Introduction,  p  xiv. 
Waterloo,  Campaign  of. ..  ...  ...  ...        \\b 

West  Indies — Physical...  ...  ...  ...       41 

Political  Distribution    ...        37-40,  41 

Worcester,  Battle  of — Fig.  xxvi.  Introduction,  p.  xxiii. 
World,  Europeanisation  of  the  ...         ...37-40 


.37-40,  41,  47<j 

4-10,  22 
lie 


INTRODUCTION. 


Xote. Throughout  this  Introduction  references  to  the  colomed  plates   are  given   in    Arabic   numerals,   thus,    Plate   1,    2,   3,    with   the  addition 

of  letters,  a,  b,  c.  ichere  there  are  more  than  one  map  on  the  same  plate.     References  to  the  maps  engraved  in  the  text  are  given  m  Roman  numerals, 
thus,  Fig.  i. ,  ii.,  iii. 


SECTION   I.— GENERAL  MAPS  OF  EUROPE.     PLATES   1  —  10. 
This  series  of  maps  shows  the  general  development  of  Europe  and  the  broad  changes  of  its  political  distribution. 

Europe  on  the  Eve  of  the  Barbarian  Irruptions,  c.  395  A.D.  (Plate  1).— The  first  map  shows  the  Roman 

Empire  on  the  eve  of  its  downfall,  together  with  part  of  its  eastern  rival,  the  Persian  Empire,  and  the  barbarian  tribes 
beyond.  The  red  line  may  be  said  to  mark  the  limits  of  the  civilised  world.  Only  a  rough  indication  of  the  administrative 
divisions  of  the  Empire  is  given,  owing  to  the  small  scale  of  the  map  ;  for  further  detail  see  the  "  Oxford  Historical  Atlas," 
Plate  I.  The  broad  physical  features  brought  out  in  the  map  help  to  explain  the  course  of  events,  (i.)  The  Carpathians 
would,  obviously,  have  formed  the  best  natural  frontier  for  the  Empire,  but  this  had  been  lost  when  Dacia  (mod.  Hungary)  was 
abandoned  owin"  to  the  attacks  of  the  barbarians,  c.  255  a.d.  The  Empire  was  thus  left  without  a  good  natural  frontier 
towards  the  north,  except  on  the  line  of  the  Alps,  (ii.)  The  weakest  spots  on  the  northern  frontier,  and  therefore  the 
chief  seats  of  Roman  armies,  are  (o)  the  Rhine,  soon  to  be  attacked  by  the  Franks,  Allemanni  and  Suevi,  Burgundians 
and  Vandals  ;  (b)  the  lower  Danube,  especially  exposed  to  the  Visigoths,  Ostrogoths  and  other  East-German  tribes  ;  (c)  the 
low  eastern  shore  of  Britain  and  northern  shore  of  Gaul,  exposed  to  the  piratical  raids  of  the  North  Sea  tribes,  (iii.)  The 
stron"  strategic  position  of  Constantinople  should  be  noticed.  It  is  so  placed  as  to  protect  Asia  Minor,  Syria  and  Egypt 
from  invaders  coming  from  the  north.  Those  invaders  who  crossed  the  Danube,  therefore,  successively  passed  on  through 
Illyiicum  to  Italy  and  the  West;  and  during  the  period  of  the  Germanic  invasions  the  eastern  part  of  the  Empire  was,  in 
comparison  with  the  west,  left  almost  intact.  Protected  on  the  east  and  south  by  the  deserts  of  Syria,  Arabia  and  Africa, 
it  seemed  to  be  endan"ercd  only  in  Mesopotamia,  where  the  close  neighbourhood  of  the  Persian  Empire  gave  rise  to 
intermittent  war. 

Europe  in  476  and  520  (Plate  2). — The  two  maps  on  this  plate  show  two  stages  in  the  settlement  of  the 
barbarians  witliin  the  western  half  of  the  Empire.  These  maps  sliould  be  used  in  conjunction  with  Plates  1  and  3. 
Further  maps  illustrating  the  same  period  will  be  found  in  the  Student's  Edition  of  this  Atlas. 

2  (a).  Driven  forward  by  the  Huns,  the  Visigoths  crossed  the  Danube  into  the  Balkan  Peninsula  and  thence  through 
Illyricum  into  Italy,  where  they  sacked  Rome.  Thence,  with  a  commission  from  the  Emperor,  they  passed  into  southern 
Gaul  and  Spain.  Meanwliile  the  Burgundians,  crossing  the  Rhine,  had  settled  in  S.E.  Gaul,  whence  they  were  never 
dislodged;  and  the  Vandals  and  Suevi  coming  by  the  same  route,  overran  Spain,  where  the  Visigoths  found  them.  The 
Suevi  were  penned  into  N.W.  Spain,  while  the  Vandals  were  driven  over  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  into  the  Roman  province 
of  Africa,  where  they  founded  a  kingdom  controlling  the  Western  Mediterranean.  In  the  north  of  Gaul,  tlie  numerous 
tribes  of  the  Franks  occupied  the  valleys  of  the  Scheldt  and  Moselle,  and  by  450  only  the  valley  of  the  Seine  remained 
Roman.  The  sudden  collapse  of  the  Roman  power  in  the  western  provinces  necessitated  the  withdrawal  of  Roman  armies 
from  Britain,  whose  south-east  coast  now  began  to  be  settled  by  pagan  Saxons  and  Angles.  As  yet  no  barbarian  nation 
had  settled  in  Italy,  but  the  feeble  Emperor  of  the  West,  who  nominally  ruled  from  Ravenna,  was  dependent  for  his 
existence  upon  a  barbarian  army.  In  476  a.d..  Odoacer,  then  general  of  this  army,  suppressed  the  Western  Empire,  and 
established  a  kingdom  in  Italy,  owing  nominal  allegiance  to  the  Emperor  at  Constantinople.  Thus  the  whole  of  the 
Western  Empire,  except  the  Seine  valley,  had  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  German  barbarians  by  476. 

2  (6).  Meanwhile,  the  Ostrogoths  had  followed  the  Visigoths  over  the  Danube,  and  after  being  settled  for  a  time  in 
Illyricum,  passed  under  Theodoric  into  Italy,  where  they  overthrew  Odoacer  (493)  and  established  a  powerful  and  well- 
governed,  though  short-lived  empire,  which  in  the  first  years  of  the  sixth  century  was  the  most  formidable  power  of  the 
West,  Its  chief  rival  was  the  growing  power  of  the  Franks.  Their  divided  tribes  were  united  under  Clovis  (481-511), 
who  subdued  the  Roman  district  in  N.  Gaul  (486j,  reduced  the  Allemanni  to  submission  (495-6),  and  conquered  the  great 
province  of  Aquitaine  from  the  Visigoths  (507).  Thus  by  about  520  five  principal  barbarian  states  divided  the  western 
half  of  the  Roman  Empire  between  them  :  the  Ostrogoths,  the  Franks,  the  Visigoths,  the  Vandals,  and  the  Burgundians. 
Of  these,  however,  only  the  Prankish  and  Burgundian  kingdoms  were  to  survive.  During  the  next  two  centuries  the 
other  three  all  disappeared  from  the  map.  The  Eastern  Empire,  showing  a  new  vigour  under  Justinian  (528-565), 
destroyed  the  Vandal  kingdom  in  Africa  (533-4)  and  the  Ostrogothic  kingdom  in  Italy  (535-552),  and  these  countries 
became  again  part  of  the  Empire.  But  the  Empire  was  not  strong  enougli  to  maintain  these  conquests.  The  Mongolian 
Avars  occupied  the  country  north  of  the  Danube  (c.  570),  finally  settling  in  modern  Hungary,  and  constantly  attacked 
the  Empire.  The  Slavonic  tribes  which  had  taken  the  place  of  the  Germans  who  had  fallen  upon  the  Empire,  and  now 
occupied  the  plains  as  far  west  as  the  Elbe,  together  with  Bohemia  and  Illyricum,  also  pressed  into  the  Balkan  peninsula 
(c.  590),  of  which  they  gradually  occupied  the  greater  part.  The  Lombards,  a  German  tribe,  pies.sed  down  into  Italy 
(568),  and  though  they  were  never  able  to  conquer  it  entirely,  reduced  it  to  confusion  {see  Plate  14).  At  a  later 
date,  the  Mongo?  tribe  of  Bulgarians  also  crossed  the  Danube  and  established  a  state  in  the  region  of  modern  liulgaria 
(679).  In  addition  to  the  attacks  of  these  tribes,  the  Eastern  Empire  had  to  wage  constant  wars  against  the  Persians. 
Hitherto  it  had  kept  its  Asiatic  and  African  lands  intact.     In  the  seventh  century  it  was  for  the  first  time  threatened 

viii. 


INTRODUCTION. 


iz. 


also  from  the  South,  where  tlie  Arabs,  united  by  the  preaching  of  Mohammed,  simultaneously  attacked  the  Eaat-Boman 
and  the  Persian  Empires,  subjugated  the  latter  completely,  and  tore  from  the  former  the  great  provinces  of  Syria  (634) 
and  Egypt  (640).  During  tlie  next  century  tlie  Saracens  or  Arabs  extended  their  Empire  eastwards  almost  to  the  Indus 
(sfie  Plate  36),  and  westwards  along  the  north  coast  of  Africa  to  Spain,  where  they  destroyed  the  Visigothic  kingdom 
(711),  leaving  only  a  few  tiny  independent  Christian  states  among  the  mountains  of  N.  Spain,  and  pressed  onwards  into 
Gaul.  Here  they  came  in  conflict  with  the  Franks.  The  Prankish  Empire  was  still  the  greatest  of  the  Western  Powers, 
but  during  the  seventh  cenlury  it  had  been  deeply  disorganised  and  divided,  and  if  it  liad  not  been  reunited  under  the 
vigorous  Carolingian  line,  it  would  have  fallen  before  the  Saracens.  Their  advance  was  stopped  at  Tours  (732),  and  the 
fortunes  of  the  AVestern  World  wore  thus  left  to  rest  upon  the  Franks. 

Europe  in  the  Ag^e  of  Charlemagrne  (Plate  3). — Three  great  powers  at  the  beginning  of  the  ninth  century 
divided  the  Western  World  between  them.  I.  The  Frankish  Empire  under  Charlemagne  iucludel,  with  the  exception  of 
England,  the  whole  of  t:ie  lands  occupied  by  the  Germans  within  and  without  the  ancient  limits  of  the  Empire,  and 
almost  the  whole  of  Latin  Chrisiendum.  Charlemagne's  task  was  two-fold  ;  {a)  to  bring  all  the  German  lands  under  one 
rule;  this  he  did  by  the  conquest  of  the  Saxons  (775-85),  the  effective  subjugation  of  the  semi-independent  Bavarian* 
(788),  and  the  conquest  of  the  Lombard  Kingdom  in  Italy  (774) ;  (6)  to  extend  the  frontiers  of  Christendom  ;  this  he  did 
by  winning  the  Spanish  March  frcn  the  Saracens,  thus  beginning  the  advance  of  the  Christian  powers  in  Spain  (785) ; 
by  beating  back  the  Mongolian  Avars  (796-9),  and  by  setting  up  a  series  of  border  provinces  against  the  Slavonic  tribes, 
thus  beginning  the  slow  process  of  German  advance  eastwards.  In  effect,  however,  the  limit  of  the  German  lands  at  the 
end  of  his  reign  was  the  Elbe.  The  Slavonic  tribes  were  still  to  give  much  trouble  under  Charlemagne's  weaker 
successors  ;  the  Mongolian  Magyars  (who  replaced  the  Avars  in  Hungary,  c.  900)  were  to  give  more  ;  and  the  unsubdued 
and  still  pagan  Scandinavians  most  of  all,  plundering  and  ravaging  all  the  coast-line  from  the  Elbe  southwards,  on  both 
sides  of  the  North  Sea.  Nevertheless,  Charlemagne's  Empire  gave  a  real  basis  of  unity  to  the  nascent  civilisation  of 
the  Germanised  west,  and  this  was  recognized  by  the  revival  of  the  Western  Roman  Empire  in  his  person,  800  a.d. 
II.  The  Eastern  Empire  was  now  much  reduced  in  extent.  In  the  west  it  held  only  the  islands  and  some  patches  of 
Italian  coast  ;  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula  the  Slavs  and  the  Bulgarians  had  deprived  it  of  all  the  upland  country,  leaving 
only  Thrace  and  some  coastal  strips,  and  its  main  strength  rested  upon  the  solid  block  of  Asia  Minor.  III.  The  Saracen 
Empire  was  now  at  the  height  of  its  civilisation.  But  it  was  already  broken  into  two  parts,  Spain  under  the  Ommeyada 
constituting  a  separate  caliphate  since  750  ;  and  though  the  Saracens  were  at  intervals  dangerous  in  Italy  and  the 
Western  Mediterranean,  they  no  longer  threatened  Europe  as  a  whole. 

3a  shows  the  division  of  Charlemagne's  Empire  among  his  grandsons  by  the  Partition  of  Verdun  (843),  which 
is  the  beginning  of  the  demarcation  of  modern  France,  Germany  and  Italy,  Between  France  and  Germany  lies  a  long 
and  rambling  territory  held,  along  with  Italy,  by 
the  Emperor  Lothar.  This  region  consists  of  two 
parts  :  (a)  The  old  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  from 
which,  however,  the  N.W.  part  (compare  Plate 
26)  was  cut  off;  this  segment  remained 
throughout  modern  history  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  France  under  the  name  of  the  Duchy  of  Bur- 
gundy ;  (6)  the  valleys  of  the  Meuse  and  Moselle, 
called  (after  the  Emperor)  Lotharingia  (mod. 
Lorraine),  and  including  the  first  conquests  of 
the  Franks  and  their  capital,  Aixla-Chapelle. 
The  modern  history  of  Western  Europe  is  largely 
concerned  with  the  struggle  between  France  and 
Germany  for  the  control  of  Lotharingia  and  the 
kingdom  of  Burgundy,  and  the  student  will  find 
it  profitable  to  trace  the  fortunes  of  these  terri- 
tories throughout  the  series  of  maps. 

Europe    at    the    Time    of    the    First 
Crusade,  c.  1100   (Plate  4).— At   the   end 

of  the  11th  century,  the  great  racial  movements 
affecting  Western  Europe  were  practically  at  an 
end,  though  there  were  still  to  be  movements  of 
eastern  tribes  affecting  Western  Asia  and  the 
plains  of  Russia.  The  main  features  of  the  racial 
distribution  of  Western  Europe  at  this  period  are 
shown  in  Fig.  i.  The  last  great  movement  in. 
the  West  was  that  of  the  Northmen,  who  had  by 
911  established  the  powerful  Duchy  of  Nor- 
mandy, whence  England  was  conquered  in  1066,  while  the  Norman  power  was  also  planted  in  S.  Italy  and  Sicily  (Duchy 
of  Apulia  and  County  of  Sicily)  during  the  11th  century.  These  Normans,  wlio  breathed  new  life  into  every  community 
which  they  entered,  also  guided  the  beginning  of  the  organised  Russian  states  which  had  begun  to  arise,  with  their 
chief  centres  at  Novgorod  and  Kief.  During  the  centuries  since  Charlemagne,  Christianity  had  also  spread  with  great 
rapidity;  those  of  the  Northmen  who  remained  in  their  original  homes  had  been  converted,  as  had  also  most  of  the 
Slavonic  tribes,  notably  the  Poles,  who  had  begun  to  form  themselves  into  an  organised  state  like  those  of  the  west, 
constantly  at  strife  with  Germany.  The  Magyars,  or  Hungarians,  also  had  accepted  Latin  Cliristianity  ;  while  the  Greek 
form  of  Christianity  had  spread  over  the  Balkan  Peninsula  and  been  adopted  in   Russia.     The  only  important  region 


Fiff.  i.— The  Racks  op  Eorope,  c,  1100  a.d. 


INTRODUCTION. 


which  remained  pagan  was  the  southern  and  eastern  border  of  the  Baltic,  including  especially  the  (Slavonic)  Prussians 
and  the  Lithuanians.  The  religious  divisions  of  Europe  at  this  period  and  generally  throughout  the  Middle  Ages  are 
shown  in  Fiy.  ii.     The  dominant  power  in  Europe  during  this  period  was  the  kingdom  of  Germany,  which,  under  tlie 

kings  of  the  Saxon  and  Francouian  lines  (918-1125),  had 


not  only  welded  together  the  four  great  nation-duchies  of 
Germany  (Saxony,  Franconia,  Swabia,  Bavaria),  but  had 
united  Lotharingia  to  Germany,  assumed  the  Lombard 
crown  in  Italy  (962),  annexed  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy 
(1033),  and  compelled  the  Slavonic  kingdoms  of  Bohemia 
and  (at  intervals)  Poland  to  recognize  their  dependence. 
This  preeminence  of  the  German  kingdom  was  recognised 
by  the  revival  of  the  name  of  the  Roman  Empire  ;  from 
962  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  was  always  held  by  the 
German  king  for  the  time  being.  From  the  beginning, 
however,  the  Empire  was  always  limited  in  eflect  to  the 
three  kingdoms  of  Germany,  Burgundy  and  Italy.  Among 
the  other  European  states  there  was  at  this  date  no  rival 
i  to  the  Empire.  France  was  broken  up  into  great  feudal 
states  {see  Plate  12),  and  several  of  these  were  more 
powerful  than  the  king,  who  held  direct  sway  only  over  a 
very  limited  territory.  In  Spain  a  series  of  small  Christian 
states  had  begun  to  make  progress  against  the  Saracens, 
whose  unity  had  vanished  (aee  Plate  16c).  Not  only 
j  had  the  Saracen  power  broken  up  in  Spain,  in  Egypt  a 
■  separate  caliphate  had  been  established  by  the  Fatimites 
(973),  while  in  the  east  the  Seljuk  Turks  from  Central 
Asia  had  made  themselves  masters  of  the  greater  part  of 
the  caliphate,  except  where  (as  in  Syria)  a  number  of 
small  feudal  emirates  existed.  In  1071,  the  Seljuk  Turks 
defeated  the  Eastern  Emperor  at  Manzikert  and  conquered  the  greater  part  of  Asia  Minor.  It  was  this  dangerous 
advance,  together  with  the  conquest  of  Jerusalem  and  the  Syrian  coast  by  the  Fatimite  caliphs  of  Cairo,  which  brought 
about  the  First  Crusade.  The  Eastern  Empire,  deprived  of  Asia  Minor,  could  scarcely  have  survived,  had  it  not  previously 
(1013)  subjugated  the  Bulgarians  and  many  of  the  Slavonic  tribes,  and  thus  gained  effective  control  over  the  Balkan  Peninsula. 


Fig.  ii.— Religions  of  Edrope,  c.  1100. 


lig.    ill.  — liANSKATIC    Lkaouk. 

T}ie  area  left  white  was  commercially  conlroilfd  by  the  League, 

Europe,   C.  1360  (Plate  5.). — Tliis  phite  show.s  Europe  in   the  later   Middle  Ages,  when  the  Empire  had   broken 
into  fragments,  and  France  had  already  taken  its  place  as  tiie  leading  European  state.     In  1356,  by  the  Golden  Bull,  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


division  of  Germany  into  numerous  practically  independent  states  was  recognised,  and  its  constitution,  as  a  loose 
federation  under  tlie  presidency  of  tiie  Emperor  was  fixed.  Henceforward  the  chief  interest  in  the  history  of  Germany 
consists  in  the  rivalry  of  the  i,'reat  princely  families.  Tiie  territories  huld  Ijy  the  two  chief  of  those  at  this  period,  the 
houses  of  Habshurg  and  Luxemburg,  are  shown  on  the  map.  The  disunion  of  Germany  during  the  13th  and  14th 
centuries  had  also  encouraged  the  rise  of  the  Swiss  Confederation,  whicli  had  established  its  independence  by  1358  (see 
Plate  lie)  ;  while  the  inability  of  the  Emperor  to  protect  trade  led  to  the  rise  of  the  Hanseatic  League,  which  in  1368 
included  77  towns.  The  area  covered  by  the  activities  of  the  League,  together  with  its  chief  members  and  foreign 
depots,  are  shown  in  Fig.  iii.  (see  p.  x,).  France  had  already  begun  to  eat  into  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  liaving  acquired 
Dauphin^  in  1349,  while  Provence,  though  not  held  by  the  French  king,  was  in  the  possession  of  a  branch  of  the 
French  royal  line  (House  of  Anjou).  The  Angevin  House  had  also  acquired  the  great  kingdom  of  Hungary  (1342),  and 
the  Norman  kingdom  of  Naples  (1268),  which  had  been  held  by  the  Emperors  of  the  Hohenstauffen  line  from  1194  to 
1268.  Sicily,  formerly  a  part  of  the  same  kingdom,  had  revolted  from  the  House  of  Anjou,  and  since  1282  had  been 
ruled  by  an  Aragonese  prince.  The  rest  of  Italy  was  divided  into  many  .imall  states,  republican  or  despotic;  the  chief 
of  these  being  Milan,  under  the  Visconti ;  while  Venice  and  Genoa  had  acquired  widely  scattered  territories  in  the 
Eastern  Mediterranean,  and  had  become  independent  states  of  the  first  importance.  While,  however,  Germany  was 
paying  the  penalty  of  its  disorganisation  at  home  and  in  Italy,  on  the  north  and  east  it  had  made  considerable 
advances,  having  conquered  and  largely  settled  the  Baltic  shore  from  the  Elbe  almost  to  the  Vistula,  while  German 
language  and  customs  were  increasingly  winning  ascendancy  in  Brandenburg,  Lusatia,  Silesia,  and  other  lands  east  of 
the  Elbe.  Two  German  military  orders,  the  Teutonic  Knights  and  the  Knights  of  the  Sword,  had  conquered  for 
Christendom  the  pagan  districts  of  Prussia,  Livonia  and  Esthonia  (since  1226),  though  they  were  soon  to  be  reduced  to 
dependence  by  the  growing  power  of  Poland.  In  the  west,  France  had  become  a  great  and  powerful  state  [see  Plate 
13a)  ;  she  had  been  compelled  to  accept  defeat  from  the  English  in  the  first  part  of  the  Hundred  Years'  War, 
and  to  cede  large  territories  in  the  south  to  England  (1360),  but  these  were  soon  to  be  regained,  and  France  and 
England  were  now  the  leading  states  of  the  West.  In  Spain  the  liitle  states  had  been  consolidated  into  four, 
and  the  Moors  had  been  penned  into  a  strip  of  territory  in  the  extreme  south  (see  Plate  I6(/).  The  kingdoms  of 
Castile  and  of  Aragon  (which  held  also  the  Western  Mediterranean  islands)  had  become  European  powers  of  the  second, 
if  not  of  the  first,  rank.  The  greatest  changes  on  the  map  since  the  date  of  the  previous  map  are  those  in  Eastern  Europe 
and  Asia.  The  b''ourth  Crusade  (1204),  diverted  by  the  greed  of  the  Venetians,  had  been  turned  against  the  Eastern 
Empire,  and  for  a  short  time  (1204-61)  Constantinople  had  been  the  seat  of  a  Latin  Empire  (see  Plate  236).  After 
the  Greek  Empire  was  restored  at  Constantinople,  petty  Latin  states  still  occupied  Greece  proper,  while  Venice,  Genoa 
and  the  Knights  of  St.  John  held  many  of  the  islands.  The  Eastern  Empire  had  thus  been  reduced  to  impotence. 
In  the  Balkan  Peninsula  a  great  Servian  Empire  had  been  established,  though  it  broke  up  on  the  death  of  King  Stephen 
Dushan  in  1355;  meanwhile,  in  1291,  the  last  relics  of  the  Latin  state  in  Svria,  created  by  the  First  Crusade  (Plate 
23c),  had  been  destroyed  by  the  fall  of  Acre.  Only  the  deep  divisions  of  the  Mohammedan  and  Turkish  states  could 
have  enabled  the  Christian  states  of  the  East  to  survive  in  these  circumstances.  In  the  first  half  of  the  14th  century  a 
new  and  more  vigorous  power  appeared  in  the  Ottoman  Turks,  so  called  from  their  leader  Othman.  They  had  by  1360 
conquered  all  the  lands  of  the  Empire  in  N.E.  Asia  Minor,  as  well  as  Gallipoli  on  the  European  side  of  the  Dardanelles, 
and  in  the  next  year,  1 36 1,  were  to  conquer  the  territory  immediately 
behind  Constantinople  and  threaten  its  extinction  (Plate  216). 
The  final  fall  of  the  Eastern  Empire  was  already  inevitable,  and 
was  delayed  only  by  the  attack  of  Timur  the  Tartar,  weakening 
the  Turks  (Battle  of  Angora,  1402).  Further  north,  a  Tartar 
invasion  of  Russia  (the  Golden  Horde)  had  reduced  the  rising 
Russian  states  to  subjection  (1241),  not  to  be  shaken  off  till  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  had  left  the  Russians  powerless  to  resist  the 
rapid  rise  of  the  new  Slavonic  state  of  Lithuania,  soon  to  be 
united   with   Poland. 

Europe  in  1519  (Plate  6). — At  the  opening  of  the  modern 

age,  and  on  the  eve  of   the    Reformation  and    the   long  strife  to 

which  it  gave  rise,  the  main  feature  of  the  map  is  the  appearance 

of    great    consolidated  states   in   the   West   and    East   of    Europe. 

France    (cf  Plate   136)    has    expelled    the    English    (except    from 

Calais),   subjugated   the  last  of    the   great  feudatories,    and   taken 

another  large   bite  out  of  the  old  kingdom  of   Burgundy  by  the 

acquisition   of    Provence   (1481).     Spain  hag   been   unified    by    the 

marriage  of  Ferdinand  of   Aragon  and  Isabella  of  Castile  (1479), 

the   conquest   of   Granada    (1492),    and    the   conquest   of    Navarre 

(1512).      Poland  has  become,  in  extent  of  territory,  a  power  of  the 

first   rank    by    its    union    with    Lithuania.     The    Ottoman    Turks 

ha\e   subjugated    the  whole   of   the   Balkan   peninsula,    conquered 

Constantinople  (1453)  and  are  on  the  eve  of  still  further  advances 

(see    Plate    216).       The     Scandinavian    powers    have    been    united 

since  1397   in  the  Union  of  Calmar  ;  but  this  union  was  already  threatening  to  break  up  ;  it  was  dissolved  when  Sweden 

declared   its   independence  in    1523.      In   the  midst  of  these  great  consolidated  states  lie  the  disintegrated   countries  of 

Germany  and  Italy,  which  are  for  this  reason  the  main  fields  of  the  continual  wars  of  this  age.      In  Italy  (cf  Plate  15c), 

which  has  been  the  scene  of  strife  since   1494,  the  most  important  native  power  is  that  of  Venice,  which  had  acquired  a 

large  territory  on  the  mainland  in  the  second  half  of  the   15th  century  ;  both  France  and  Spain  have  obtained  a  foothold 


Fig.  iv. — RauQIONa  of  Cbntral  Eubopb,  c.  160O. 


Zll. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Scalel  4Oj0OO,0O0(640iiifles;liii£l!) 


in  Italy  :  in  Milan  and  Naples  respectively.  In  Germany,  the  chief  states  are  those  of  Austria,  Saxony,  Brandenburg 
and  Bivaria  ;  but  there  were  also  some  300  independent  smaller  states.  Note  the  exlent  of  territory  owned  and  ruled  by 
churchmen  on  the  eve  of  the  Reformation  (coloured  blue).  But  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  map  at  tliis  date  is 
the  emergence  of  a  wide  and  scattered  Empire  which  seemed  likely  in  1519  to  subjugate  the  two  divided  countries  of 
Germany  and  Italy,  and  addint;  their  resources  to  those  of  Spain,  to  leave  France  and  the  other  powers  h<'lpless.  This 
was  the  Empire  of  Charles  V.,  coloured  light  yellow  on  the  map.  He  inherited  from  his  ijrandmother,  Isabella — 
Castile  ;  from  his  grandfather,  Ferdinand — Aragon,  Sardinia,  Naples  and  Sicily  ;  from  his  grandmother,  Mary  of 
Burgundy,  daughter  of  Charles  the  Bold,  what  remained  of  the   Burgundian  power — the  Netherlands  and  Frauche  Comt^ 

(cf  Plate  196)  ;  and  from  his  grandfather,  Maximilian — • 
the  Austrian  lands  of  the  Habsburgs.  On  his  election  as 
Emperor  (1519),  he  obtained  also  a  supremacy  over  Germany 
and  Italy,  which  his  great  resources  seemed  likely  to  turn 
into  a  reality.  Tlie  Austrian  lands  Charles  made  over  to 
his  brother,  Ferdinand,  thus  establishing  those  two  branches 
of  the  Habsburg  House,  whose  relations  largely  governed 
European  politics  during  the  next  two  centuries;  in  1526 
the  Austrian  lands  were  increased  by  the  succession  to 
Bohemia,  Moraxia,  Silesia  and  Hungary,  though  the  greater 
part  of  the  last-named  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  the  same 
year  {see  Plate  2Ia).  Note,  however,  (1)  that  Charles' 
dominions  were  so  scattered  that  the  communications  between 
them  were  in  every  case  dependent  upon  his  enemies;  (2) 
that  while  they  threatened  to  surround  France,  they  also  lay 
exposed  to  the  attacks  of  that  consolidated  power,  with  which 
he  waged  continual  war  ;  (3)  that  in  the  East  he  was  exposed 
to  danger  from  the  Turks,  and  had  to  f  ice  the  formidable 
power  of  Solyman  the  Magnificent  ;  (4)  that  in  Italy  his 
position  was  such  as  to  alarm  the  Papacy  as  much  as  the 
Empire  of  the  Hohenstauflen  had  done  ;  (  5)  that  in  Germany 
he  had  to  count  upon  the  jealousy  of  all  the  smaller  princes, 
and  especially  had  to  deal  with  the  Reformation,  a  movement 
of  which  these  princes  made  use  for  their  own  purposes. 
Thus,  despite  all  his  resources,  patience  and  skill,  he  failed  to 
consolidate  his  power  in  Germany  and  Italy,  and  left  these 
countries  even  more  deeply  divided  than  before. 
The  main  political  fact  of  the  16th  century  is  the  rapid  growth  of  the  Reformed  religion  in  Central  Europe.  The 
extent  of  this  growth  towards  the  end  of  tlie  century  is  shown  in  Fig.  iv.  (see  p.  xi.),  where  it  should  be  noted  that  at  the 
beginning  of  the  17tli  century,  not  only  Nortliern  Germany  but  Bavaria  and  the  Habsburg  lands  seemed  likely  to  adopt 
Protestantism.  It  was  the  work  of  the  Counter-Reformation,  of  Philip  II.,  Ferdinand  of  Styria,  Maximilian  of  Bavaria, 
and  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  to  prevent  this. 


Fig.  V. — Religions  of  Europe,  c.  1648. 


Europe  at  the  Peace  of  West- 
phalia (Plate  7).  — After  the  century 
and  a  half  of  warfare  which  followed 
the  Reformation,  Europe  re-adjusted  its 
political  relations  in  tlie  important 
Treaties  of  Westphalia,  which  continued 
to  govern  European  politics  till  the 
French  Revolution.  At  the  same  time 
the  treaties  recognized  the  division  of 
Western  Europe  between  the  Roman 
and  the  Protestant  faiths.  This  division, 
which  is  shown  in  Fi(j.  v.,  has  continued, 
almost  without  change,  until  to-day.  In 
the  political  readjustment  some  out- 
standing facts  should  be  noted.  (1)  The 
growth  of  France,  now  beyond  rivalry 
the  first  power  of  Europe.  By  the 
acquisition  of  the  bishoprics  of  Metz, 
Toul  and  Verdun,  and  of  a  great  part 
of  Alsace,  she  lias  begun  that  process 
of  advance  on  the  north  east,  at  the 
expense  of  Germany  and  of  Spain,  which 
is  to  alarm  Europe.  (2)  The  greatness  of  Sweden,  now  for  a  short  time  one  of  the  great  powers.  She  has,  since  the 
date  of  tlie  last  map,  acquired  Ingria  and  Carelia  from  Russia  (IG17),  Esthonia  and  Livonia  from  Poland  (16-'9),  and 
thus  controls  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Baltic.  As  a  result  of  the  part  she  has  played  in  the  Tiiirty  Years'  War  she 
acquires,  at  Westphalia,  West  Pomerania^  with  control  over  the  mouth  of  the  Oder,  and  the  Bishoprics  of    Bremen  and 


200,000 


tig  VI.— Tub  Battle  ok  AusrBnLiTZ,  2  IJkc.  1805. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Verden,  with  control  over  the  mouths  of  the  Weser  and  Elbe.  (3)  The  United  Provinces,  having  successfully  revolted 
from  Spain,  obtained  reco;4nition  of  their  independence  in  1648,  and  were  also  declared  to  be  no  longer  part  of  the  Empire. 
They  are  at  the  height  of  their  brief  period  of  greatness  as  one  of  the  leading  powers  of  Europe.  (4)  Germany  has  thus 
shrunk  in  area,  and  finds  herself,  owing  to  her  disintegration,  a  prey  to  the  ambition  of  external  powers,  while  the  Treaties 
of  Westphalia,  regarded  as  a 
"  fundamental  law  of  the  Em- 
pire," stereotyped  her  hopeless 
disorganisation.  (  5  )  Within 
Germany  the  greatest  power  is 
that  of  the  Habsburg  House,  in 
which  the  title  of  Emperor  has 
almost  become  hereditary  ;  but 
Austria  is  still  seriously 
threatened  by  the  Turk,  and  her 
territories  are,  racially,  much 
divided.  Among  the  other  Ger- 
man powers,  Brandenburg  made 
the  greatest  gains  by  the  treaties, 
and  the  growth  of  its  power  is 
henceforth  the  main  feature  of 
German  history  (see  f  late  20). 
(6)  Poland  and  Turkey  are  still 
at  their  maximum  of  territory. 
Note  how  they  and  Sweden  shut 
out  Russia  from  all  contact  with 
the  sea  and  with  Western  Europe, 
It  is  in  this  region  that  the  main 
changes  in  the  map  of  Europe 
are  hereafter  to  take  place  (see 
Plate  22). 


The  Battle  op  Jena,  14  Oct.,  1806. 


Europe  in  1740  (Plate  8).— This  plate  illustrates  the  complicated  wars  and  diplomacies  of  the  18th  century. 
The  chief  points  to  note  are— (1)  The  continued  growth  of  France  on  the  east  and  nortli-east :  Franche-Comtd,  the  remainder 
of  Alsace,  Lorraine  and  a  large  slice  of  the  Netherlands  having  been  added  by  Louis  XIV.  and  Louis  XV.  (see  also  Plates 
13c  and  19c)  ;  Lorraine  was  acquired  in  virture  of  the  Treaty  of  Vienna,  1737,  but  was  not  incorporated  as  French  territory 
till   1766,   on  the   death    of  ex  king  Stanislas   of   Poland;  (2)   the 

bulk    of    the    Spanish   dominions    have    passed    to    the    House    of 

Bourbon,  the  Netherlands  to  Austria,  in  accordance  with  the 
treaties  of  Utrecht  and  Rastadt  ;  (4)  the  position  of  Hanover, 
involving  England  in  the  complicated  relations  of  Europe  ;  (b)  the 
shrinking  of  Sweden,  which  has  lost  Bremen  and  Verden  to 
Hanover,  part  of  W.  Pomerania  to  Brandenburg  (since  1700 
known  as  the  kingdom  of  Prussia),  and  the  Baltic  provinces  to 
Russia  ;  (6)  the  shrinking  of  Poland,  which  has  lost  a  great  strip 
of  territory  on  the  east  to  Russia  (1667)  ;  (7)  the  shrinking  of  the 
Ottoman  Empire,  which  has  lost  all  Hungary  ;  (8)  tlie  growth  of 
Savoy,  now  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia  ;  (9)  the  continued  growth 
of  Brandenburg,  now  the  kingdom  of  Prussia,  These  two  new 
kingdoms  are  to  be  the  nuclei  of  modern  Italy  and  Germany. 

Europe  under  Napol&on,  1810  (Plate  9).— Each  stage  in 

the  career  of  Napoleon  was  marked  by  some  change  in  the  ma;i 
of  Europe.  Among  these  numerous  and  temporary  changes  only 
the  final  stage  is  here  shown,  representing  the  Napoleonic  Enipiie 
at  its  height,  when  after  Austerlitz  and  Jena,  Austria  and  Prussia 
had  been  brought  to  their  knees,  and  almost  all  the  rest  of  Europe 
was  in  dependent  alliance  with  the  Emperor.  Napoleon's  direct 
acquisitions  of  territory  (coloured  dark  green)  -include  the  whole 
coast  of  the  North  Sea  from  the  Scheldt  to  the  Elbe,  an  annexation 
rendered  necessary  as  a  means  of  enforcing  the  exclusion  of 
English  goods  ;  a  large  part  of  Italy  ;  and  the  Adriatic  coast,  the 
latter  in  order  to  cut  off  Austria  from  contact  with  the  sea  and 
with  her  former  English  allies.  In  regard  to  the  dependent  states 
of  his  Empire  (coloured  light  green)  it  should  be  noted  (1)  that 
the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  immensely  simplified  the  political 
geography  of  Germany  and  encouraged  the  rise  of  German  national 
feeling;  it  was  impossible  even  for  the  diplomatists  of  1815  to 
restore  the  old  confusion.     In  a  measure,  the  same  may  be  said  of 


Scale  1    250.000 


-\i raualrj F-mtnc^mrnt  of  Ott  14-  3 

-16 naiVeft'Un^m  lb  f 

D  yitaote^n'/poitliein-lOtr  161  ;;;■ 


y.tpole^niooithcnrOet  t6> 
-  FTGich  ;.ta-3iflTt  tuter  the  Settle 


-  BartLe/Uld  of  Ouit  „       . 

SchtfurzerUxnfs  ptmlion,  OeZ-  If 
Biirclay  <ic  TcU^'i -  .  -. 

BlfTOlijSCTli -  .  .. 

Urmad/iaiLi ■ 

BUuJtfir^ - 

^Vvw&ua .1 

if.u-ori   .  .  , 

itniftaruildt  ..     ..n.......i 

"  Ir'imeh  piifUian.  a/Xer  tAe  SalUt 
BatiUA^lct  of  Oct  19 


Fig.  viii. — Thb  Battles  of  Leipzig,  16-19  Oct.,  1813. 


XIV. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Scale  1  63  360(lmcli  Imile) 

i  TTUl£ 


"     -^  }^$:Je. 


Ilorsp  Foot 
^.-<]  ('      I  freiirh  Army 


Italy,  though  there  the  restoration  was  more  complete  :  the  Napoleonic  deluge  obliterated  many  irrational  divisions, 
and,  at  least,  showed  that  they  were  neither  inevitable  nor  necessary.  In  Poland,  again,  when  he  created  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  ^^  arsaw  out  of  the  sections  of  Polish  territory  which  Austria  and  Prussia  had  received  in  the  second  and 
third  partitions  (c/  Plate  22),  he  appealed  to  the  sentiment  of  Nationalism.  But  note  the  expansion  of  Russia  since 
the  date  of  the  last  map.  She  keeps  in  the  time  of  Napoleon  all  that  she  had  annexed  from  Sweden,  Poland 
and  lurkey  (Plate  22)  and  adds  Finland.  For  the  wars  of  the  French  Revolution  and  Napoleon  see  Plates  11a 
and  6,  17,  19c,  20,  and  Figs,   vi.,   vii„   viii.,  ix..   xiii.,   xiv. 

Europe  in  1815  (Plate  10).— This 

plate  shows  the  reconstruction  of  Europe 
effected  by  the  Great  Powers  in  1815.  Note 
especially  the  features  of  the  settlement, 
which  by  disregarding  national  sentiment 
produced  the  principal  troubles  of  the  19th 
century: — (1)  The  forced  union  of  Sweden 
and  Norway;  (2)  the  similar  union  of 
Holland  and  Belgium  ;  (3)  the  restoration  of 
the  old  disunion  in  Italy,  and  the  con- 
trolling power  exercised  by  Austria  there  in 
the  possession  of  Loinbardy  and  Venetia  ; 
the  one  favourable  feature  being  the  expan- 
sion of  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia  by  the 
addition  of  Liguria  and  other  lands  ;  (4)  the 
revival,  in  the  German  Confederation,  of  a 
ghost  of  tlie  old  Holy  Roman  Empire,  power- 
less to  achieve  anything,  and  useful  only  as 
an  aid  to  Austria  in  checking  any  movement 
towards  unity  or  liberty.  Germany,  how- 
ever, emerges  greatly  simplitied,  and  above 
all,  with  one  dominant  power,  Prussia, 
capable  of  becoming  a  centre  of  unity.  Note 
also  the  growth  of  Russia,  now  mistress  of 
Finland  and  Poland  and  the  shores  of  the 
Black  Sea  ;  also  having  annexed  Bessarabia 
— a  step  on  the  way  to  Constantinople. 


W^M^^f^aM 


^'^-"'^"'i'«%^  ;|. 


^r 


Fig.  ii.— The  Battle  ok  Waterloo  (as  at  11  a.m.),  18  Junb,  1816. 


SECTION  II.— THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  STATES  OF  EUROPE.     PLATES  11—23. 

The  maps  in  this  section  deal  in  turn  with  each  of  the  principal  states  or  regions  of  Europe.  The  periods  dealt  with 
also  supplement,  and  fill  the  gaps  between,  the  general  European  maps.  In  general,  a  large  physical  map  of  each 
area  is  given,  showing  the  boundaries  (usually  of  an  early  period  i  in  red  ;  and  this  is  f.iUowed  l.y  a  series  of  small  maps 
for  different  periods,  tvkic/i  the  student  should  always  read  in  conjxmction  zvlth  the  main  physical  map.  A  uniform  scale 
has  been  preserved  in  the  physical  maps  of  France,  Italy,  Spain  and  Germany. 

Plate  11  deals  with  the  two  small  groups  of  federated  republics  which  were  until  1793  the  only  non-monarchical 
states  in  Europe.  Both  formed  originally  parts  of  Germany  (see  Plate  18)  ;  both  were  first  formally  recognised  as 
independent  states  in  1648. 

11a,  The  Netherlands  in  the  XVII.  Century.— The  Netherlands  in  the  Middle  Ages  formed  a  group 
of  disconnected  duchies  and  counties  (for  a  map  of  this  period  see  Students'  Edition  of  this  Atlas).  They  were  first  united 
under  the  princes  of  the  House  of  Burgundy  in  the  l.")th  century  (see  Plate  196),  and  welded  together  by  Ch.-irles  V. 
This  map  is  intended  to  illustrate  the  Dutcdi  War  of  Independence,  tlie  campaigns  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  the  .acquisitions 
of  France.  As,  however,  tlie  Low  Countries  have  been  tlie  battleground  of  Europe  throughout  modern  history,  all  the 
principal  battlefields  are  shown.  Note  the  "  Lands  of  the  Generality,"  parts  of  the  County  of  Flanders  and  tlie  Duchy  of 
Brabant,  which  were  conquered  by  the  seven  independent  provinces  of  the  nortli,  and  administered  as  a  depetidency  of  the 
confederacy.     The  campaign  of  Waterloo  is  shown  in  116  ;  for  the  actual  battle  see  Fig.  ix. 

lie.  Growth  of  the  Swiss  Confederation. — There  are  three  main  stages  in  the  growth  of  the  Swiss 
Confederation:  (I)  tlio  formation  of  the  original  Everlasting  League  of  the  three  Forest  Cantons  in  1291  against  tlie 
Habsburgs  ;  (2)  the  addition  of  the  five  neiglibouring  cantons,  1332  53,  as  a  result  of  the  military  successes  of  the  Cantons 
in  the  war  with  the  Ilabsburga  ;  (3)  the  struggle  witli  Charles  of  Burgundy,  1474-7,  bringing  about  the  addition  of  new 
members  to  the  confederacy,  and  establishing  the  military  reputation  of  the  Swiss.  The  confederation  also  conquered 
various  territories  which  were  ruled  as  subject  states  (coloured  green  on  the  map).  In  addition,  the  distinct,  group  of 
federated  states  now  known  as  the  Gri.sons,  together  with  St.  Gall,  Valai.s,  Neuchatel,  and  the  Bishopric  of  Basle,  without 
being  full  members,  were  independotit  allies. 

France  and  Burgundy  in  987  (Plate  12).— Shows  the  original  limits  of  the  Kingdoms  of  France  and 
Burgundy.  Franco  consisted  essentially  of  tlie  valleys  of  the  Sommo,  Seine,  Loire  and  Garonne,  Burgundy  of  the 
valley  of  the   Rhone ;   while  the  valleys  of    the   Mouse  and   Moselle,    forming  the   Duchy  of   Lotharingia,   constituted 


INTRODUCTION. 


XV. 


part  of  the  kingdom  of  Germany  throughout  the  Middle  Ages.     The  Cevennos  constituted  roughly  the  natural  frontier 

between  France  and  Burgundy.      Note  the  Duchy  of  Burgundy,  cut  oflF  from  the  kingdom  by  the  Partition  of  Verdun,  84.3, 

and  always  thereafter  part  of   France.      In  the  following  majjs  the  student  should  trace  the   gradual  acquisition  by  France 

of  the    whole  of  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy,    except    Savoy    (acquired    by    France  in    1860,    see  Plate  166)  and    Western 

Switzerland.      Note  also  the  great  original  territorial  divisions  of   France  :   (1)  The  Duchy  of  Francia   corresponding  to  the 

Neustria  of  the  later  Merovingians  and  early  Ourolingians,  from  which  (2)  the  Duchy  of   .Vormandy  was  cut  off  by  the 

Trea:yof  St.-Clair-surEpte  in  911  ;  (3)  the  County  of  Flanders;  (4)  the  Celtic   Duchy  of   Brittany;  (.5)  the   vast   Duchy 

of  Aquitaine  ;  (6)  the  Duchy  of  Gascony  ;  (7)  the  County  of  Toulouse  ; 

(8)   the  District  of  Septimania,  or  Gotliia,  the  last  part  of  France   held 

by  the  Visigoths,   and  originally  part  of  the  Roman  Gallia  Narbonesis  ; 

and  (9)  the  County  of  Barcelona — i.e.,  the  Spanish  March,  conquered  by 

Ch.irlemagne,  which  remained  nominally  part  of   the  kingdom   of  France 

until   1258.      Within   these  greater  divisions  some  of  the  mediate  feudal 

states  are  noted,  but  without  precise  boundaries,  because  these  frequently 

shifted. 


Fig.  X.— The  Battle  of  Bo^•^^^IE3,  27  July,  1214. 


The  Growth  of  France  (Plate  13).— The  development  of    the 

French  monarchy  falls  naturally  into  four  periods:  (1)  From  Philip 
Augustus  to  the  Hundred  Years'  War  (1180-1337),  in  which  the  chief 
feature  is  the  gradual  subjugation  of  tlie  great  feudatories.  This  period 
is  illustrated  in  ISa,  but  it  is  impossible  to  show  in  detail  in  a  single 
map  the  complicated  history  of  the  royal  domain  ;  for  further  detail  see 
"Longnon's  Atlas  of  French  History."  Territories  acquired  by  the 
Crown   were  frequently  alienated  as  "  appanages  "  for  younger  members 

of  the  royal  house,  and  were  not  re-acquired  till  much  later.  Thus  Poitou  was  conquered  from  John  and  Henry  III.  of 
England  by  Philip  Augustus  and  Louis  VIII.,  but  became  an  "  appanage  "  of  Alphonse,  Louis  VIII. 's  son;  Alphonse 
married  the  heiress  of  the  County  of  Toulouse  and  Marquisate  not  County)  of  Provence,  and  on  his  death  without  heirs 
these  lands  along  with  Poitou  passed  to  Philip  III.  of  France.  Poitou  is  therefore  coloured  for  Philip  III.,  not  for 
Philip  Augustus.  Again,  Artois,  acquired  by  Philip  Augustus,  became  the  appanage  of  Robert,  another  son  of  Louis 
VIII.  ;  it  subsequently  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  House  of  Burgundy,  and  was  not  finally  added  to  the  royal  domain  until 
the  time  of  Louis  XlV.  For  the  Battle  of  Bouvines,  the  supreme  victory  of  Philip  Augustus,  see  Fig.  x.  (2)  Tlie 
second  period  is  that  of  the  Hundred  Years'  War  (1337-1453). 
This  is  illustrated  by  the  two  maps,  Plate  29a  and  b,  and 
by  Figs,  xviii.,  xix.,  xx.  (3)  The  third  period  extends  to 
the  end  of  the  Wars  of  Religion  and  the  beginning  of  the 
ascendancy  of  France  under  Henry  IV.  This  is  illustrated 
by  ISb.  The  main  features  of  this  period  are  (a)  the  sup- 
pression of  the  last  great  independent  feudal  states:  Burgundy, 
on  the  death  of  Charles  the  Bold  (1477);  Brittany,  on  the 
marriage  of  its  heiress,  Anne,  to  Charles  VIII.  (1491) ;  Anjou 
and  Provence,  by  the  deaths  of  Ren^  and  Charles  of  Anjou 
(1480  and  1481)  ;  (6)  the  part  played  during  the  16th  century 
by  the  powerful  Bourbon  branch  of  the  royal  line  :  the  lands 
of  the  Constable  Bourbon  in  the  reign  of  Francis  I,  and  of  the 
Bourbons  of  Navarre,  the  Protestant  leaders  during  the  Wars 
of  Religion,  are  specially  indicated  on  the  map,  which  also  shows 
the  principal  places  of  importance  during  this  war.  The 
distribution  of  the  Huguenots  in  France  is  illustrated  by  Fig. 
xi.,  which  shows  the  chief  recognised  Protestant  centres  where 
public  worship  was  licensed  under  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  Note 
that  Protestantism  found  its  chief  centres  in  the  west,  from 
Normandy  to  Gascony  (except  Brittany),  and  in  the  south, 
in  the  old  country  of  the  Albigenses.  Compare  the  Bourbon 
lands  in  i36  with  the  Protestant  districts  shown  in 
Fig.  xi.  (4)  The  fourth  period  extends  from  the  Wars  of 
Religion  to  the  French  Revolution,  and  is  tlie  great  age  of 
absolute   monarchy,    with    the   reign   of    Louis   XIV.    as   its 

central   point.      The  chief   feature  of   this  age  is  the  rounding   TAe  black  dots  indicate  the  chief  recognised  /dices  of  Protestant  worship  in 
oflt  of  the  frontiers  at  the  expense  of  Germany  and  Spain,  '^  ''«'?"  "-^  ^"'"'^  ^^^'■ 

especially  on  the  north  and  south  (13c  and  d).  In  13c,  the  Bishoprics  of  Metz,  Toul  and  Verdun  are  coloured  as 
having  been  acquired  by  Louis  XIV.  because  they  were  finally  ceded  by  the  Empire  in  1648;  but  they  had  been  held 
by  France  since  their  conquest  by  Henry  II,  in  1552.  For  the  variations  of  the  N.E.  frontier  of  France  since  1648,  see 
Plate  19c.      For  the  Franco  German  War,  see  Fig.  xii.  (p.  xvi). 

Italy  about  600  (Plate  14). — Medieval  Italy  began  with  the  establishment  of  the  Lombards,  who,  failing  to 
make  themselves  masters  of  the  whole  peninsula,  broke  it  into  fragments,  which  were  never  re-united  until  the  19th 
century.  The  Lombard  territories  fall  into  two  distinct  blocks  :  (1)  The  Kingdom  occupying  the  Po  Valley  and  Tuscany  ; 
(2)  the  two  great  Duchies  of  Spoleto  and  Benevento  in  the  south.  These  were  separated  by  an  irregular  belt  of  territory 
extending  diagonally  across   Italy    from    north    to    south,   which    until    the    coronation   of    Charlem.agne   recognised  the 


Fii/.  xi.— Protestants  m  France. 


XVI. 


INTRODUCTION. 


befirre  Orjt  War 
..,,,,   G€rmnn.Tcrriiurv 
■lUlUi  arjjui^fd  byth^fVbr 

Kaiirtil  Territory 

FreTuJv  Temtary 

i         \o£CUpieilhyGcrnuxn^ 

during  iheWar. 


Flu.  xii. — Fkanco-Ubrman  War. 


superiority  of  the  Emperor  at  Constantinople.  This  region  was  ruled  (a)  from  Ravenna,  where  the  representative  of 
the  Emperor  held  court  as  Exarch  (hence  the  provincial  name  Exarchate),  and  (6)  from  Rome,  where  the  authority 
of  the  Pope  was  steadily  increased  by  the  confusion.  This  territory  (approximately)  was  made  over  to  the  Pope  by 
Charlemagne  on  his  conquest  of  Italy,   and  it  roughly  corresponds  to  the  area  of   the   Papal  states  down  to   the    19th 

century.  The  coastal  re- 
gions controlled  by  Genoa, 
Venice,  Naples  and  Amalfi, 
also  recognised  the  nominal 
supremacy  of  the  Emperor; 
while  the  southern  ex- 
tremities of  tlie  peninsula 
and  the  three  great  islands 
remained  in  the  possession 
of  the  Emperor  until  they 
were  conquered — the  is- 
lands by  the  Saracens  (c. 
850),  and  Southern  Italy 
by  the  Normans  (IOIG-.'jS). 

Italy  at  different 
periods    (Plate    15).— 

(15(1  i  Shows  tlie  beginnings 
of  the  Papal  states,  the 
extent  of  the  overlordship 
intermittentlyexercised  by 
tlie  German  kings  from 
962  onwards  (coloured 
pink),  the  beginnings  of 
the  rise  of  Venice,  and  the 
cliaos  of  S.  Italy  before  the 
coming  of  the  Normans, 
the  dates  of  whose  suc- 
cessive conquests  are  noted 
on  themap;  (i56)illustrates 
tlie  struggles  between  the 
Papacy  and  the  Empire  (Guelf  and  Ghibelline)  in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  and  especially  during  the  reign  of  Frederick 
II.  (1215-50)  ;  the  Lombard  and  Tuscan  leagues  as  shown  on  the  map  are  the  leagues  as  they  existed  from  1226.  (15c)  shows 
in  some  detail  the  most  important  part  of  Italy  in  the  greatest  age  of  its  history,  that  of  the  Renascence  ;  and  is  intended 
also  to  illustrate  the  Wars  of  Italy,  1494-15-14;  see  also  Fig.  xiii.  The  part  of  the  Papal  States  outlined  in  blue  was 
occupied  by  numerous  independent  princelets.  It  was  here  that  Caesar  Borgia  and  his  father  Alexander  VI.  laboured  to 
create  a  consolidated  state  (1500-3).     (15(/)  and  [e)  trace  the  territorial  expansion  of  the  two  most  interesting  Italian  states 

in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries. 

Note  the  comparative  lateness 
of  the  expansion  of  Venice, 
which  only  began  when  powerful 
hostile  states  (especially  the 
Duchy  of  Milan)  threatened  to 
control  the  passes  through  which 
her  commerce  reached  Central 
Europe. 

Italy  and  the  Iberian 
Peninsula  at  different 
periods     (Plate     16).— (I6a) 

Note  the  crystallisation  of  Italy 
in  this  period  into  ten  defined 
states,  six  of  major  and  four  of 
minor  rank.  Though  there  is  a 
good  deal  of  dynastic  rearrange- 
ment during  the  period,  there  \s 
little  change  in  boundaries,  until 
the  grea'  recast  under  Napoleon 
{see  Plate  9).  The  chief  point 
to  note  is  the  rise  of  Savoy  and 
Piedmont  to  royal  rank  at  the  expense  of  the  Bourbons,  first  as  the  kingdom  of  Sicily  (1712-18),  then  as  the  kingdom 
of  Sardinia.  (166)  Shows  the  resettlement  of  Italy  at  the  Treaty  of  Vienna,  1815.  Note  (1)  tlie  position  of  Austria,  and 
(2)  the  growth  of  its  future  rival,  Sardinia,  at  the  expense  of  Lombardy  and  Genoa.  The  map  also  illustrates  the 
unification  of  Italy,  dates  being  given  for  the  inclusion  of  each  province.  Much  of  the  European  warfare  of  the  16th, 
17th,  18th,  and  19th  centuries  was  waged  on  the  North  Italian  plain  {Fig.  xiii).     These  campaigns  are  invariably  dominated 


wS 


Scale  1  3.000.000  (4-8  miles :.  1  inch) 

ETU]ljish  MiLes 

o  50 

UDLand.  over  1200  feet 


Fig.  liii. — Battlefields  op  NonTHERN  Italy. 


INTRODUCTION. 


English  It&les 


Fig.  xiv. — Lines  of  Torrbs  Vedras. 


by  the  outstanding  physical  feature  of  the  region— tiie  series  of   deep  rivers  which  have  to  be  crossed   by  any  army 

advancing  across  the  plain.     The  chief  line  of  defence  has  always  been  at  the  point  where  the  Alps  advance  furthest  into 

the  plain,  and  where  the  rivers  Mincio  and  Adige,  with   the  great  fortresses  of   Verona,  Legnano,  Feschiera  and  Mantua 

constitute  a  formidable  obstacle,  known  in  military  annals  as   the 

Quadrilateral.     16  (c)  and  [d)  illustrate  the  advance  of  the  Christian 

states  in  Spain   during    the   12th   and    13th  centuries,   the   age  of 

crusading  fervour    in  the  Peninsula.     Note  in   16  (c)  the  County 

of   Barcelona,    representing    the    Spanish   March    of   Charlemagne, 

and  nominally  part  of  the  Kingdom  of  France  until   1258.      These 

maps  should  be  compared  with  Plate  17,  in  order  that  the  student 

may  realise  the  way  in  which  the  great  mountain  barriers  of  Spain 

governed  the  advance  of  the  Christian  states. 

The  Iberian  Peninsula  at  the  time  of  the  Peninsular 

War  (Plate  17). — illustrates  more  especially  the  periods  of  the 
Spanish  Succession  and  Peninsular  Wars.  Note  how  the  campaigns 
were  determined  by  the  direction  of  the  river  valleys  and  mountain 
ranges,  and  by  the  greater  military  roads,  which  are  shown  ;  also 
how  the  physical  barriers  in  which  the  country  abounds  not  only 
prevented  eflective  co-operation  between  the  various  French  armies 
and  thus  added  to  their  difficulties,  but  accentuated  the  strong 
provincial  sentiment  of  the  various  provinces  of  Spain.  Note  the 
magnificent  strategic  position  of  the  Torres  Vedras  lines,  a  vast 
natural  fortress,  commanding  the  best  possible  base  for  an  Atlantic 
naval  power,  and  also  controlling  the  best  roads  into  the  heart  of 
the  peninsula,  from  which  it  was  possible  to  threaten  equally  all 
the  scattered  French  armies.  For  a  more  detailed  study  of  Torres 
Vedras,  see  Fig.  xiv. 

Germany  about  962   (Plate  18).— Shows  the  beginning  of 
the  kingdom  of  Germany,  and  illustrates  its  political  history  down 

to  the  12th  century.  Note  that  the  original  Germany  consists  of  the  valleys  of  the  Weser,  Ems,  Rhine,  Meuse,  Moselle  and 
Upper  Danube.  The  Elbe,  the  Saale,  and  the  Bohemian  Forest  constitute  the  boundary  between  the  German  lands  and 
the  Slavonic  lands.  East  of  this  line  a  broad  band  of  Marches  or  border  States  extends  as  far  as  the  Oder,  and  represents 
the  beginning  of  the  eastward  expansion  of  Germany.  Note  also 
the  five  great  nation-duchies  of  Germany — Saxony,  Franconia, 
Swabia,  Bavaria,  and  Lotharingia — ^whose  provincial  spirit  of 
independence  formed  the  greatest  obstacle  to  German  unity  down 
to  the   12th  century. 

Germany  at.  different  periods  (Plate  19).— The  history 

of  Germany  may  be  divided  into  four  periods  :  (I.)  From  the 
establishment  of  the  Saxon  dynasty  (918)  to  the  fall  of  the 
Hohenstauflen  (1272)  Germany  was  beyond  rivalry  the  greatest 
state  of  Europe,  forming  the  heart  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire, 
with  Burgundy  and  Italy  as  its  subsidiary  members  ;  it  was  also 
(despite  the  growing  independence  of  the  great  feudatories  and 
the  long  and  embittered  strife  with  the  papacy)  until  about  1230 
the  best  consolidated  of  European  states.  This  period  is  illustrated 
by  19  (a),  which  shows  Germany  at  the  time  of  its  greatest 
power,  under  the  HohenstaufFen ;  but  shows  also  the  lands  and 
claims  of  the  great  rival  House  of  Welf  or  Guelf.  During  this 
period  the  advance  of  the  Germans,  at  the  expense  of  the  Slavs,  to 
the  east  of  the  Elbe  should  be  noted.  See  also  Plate  4.  (II.)  The 
second  period,  1272  1648,  is  that  of  increasing  disintegration  among 
numerous  princely  families,  the  Empire  becoming  more  and  more  a 
mere  name.  This  disintegration  culminated  in  the  Reformation 
and  the  wars  which  followed  it,  and  was  finally  confirmed  by  the 
Treaties  of  Westphalia,  1648.  It  is  illustrated  by  19  (&),  which 
shows  the  disorder  existing  on  the  eve  of  the  -Reformation  ;  see 
also  Plates  5  and  6.  The  period  treated  in  19  h  is  marked  : 
(1)  by  the  complete  disorganisation  of  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy, 
which  (as  such)  disappears  from  the  map  ;  (2)  by  the  rise  of  a 
number  of  important  princely  families  :  of  these,  the  Habsburgs 
(in  Austria),  the  Wettins  (in  Saxony),  the  Wittelsbachs  (in  Bavaria 
and  the  Palatinate),  the  HohenzoUerns  (in  Brandenburg)  continue 
as  ruling  Houses  to-day  ;  (3)  by  the  rise  of  a  vigorous  anti-German 
feeling  among  the  Slavonic  states,  which  was  shown  in  the  Hussite 
Wars  (1419-34),  and  in  the  new  vigour  and  greatness  of  Poland 
19    (6)    shows,   for    a   moment   united    the  chief   Slav  states. 


Campaign  of  Gustavcs  Adolphus. 


the  wide  lands  of  the  Jagellon  House  of  Poland,  as 
and  overshadowed  Germany  ;   (4)  by   the   rise,  within  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


WW 


Empire  as  well  as  in  France,  of  the  formidable  House  of  Burgundy,  which  until  1477  threatened  to  establish  a  middle 
kingdom  between  France  and  Germany  :  observe  that  the  two  main  blocks  of  Burgundian  territory  might  be  united  either 
at  the  expense  of  France  (Champagne)  or  at  that  of  Germany  (Lorraine)  ;  (5)  by  the  fstablishment  of  the  Swiss 
Confederation  {see  Plate  He) ;  (6)  by  the  power  of  the  Hanseatic  League,  which  was  due  to  the  inability  of  tlie  Emperor 
to  protect  trade  {see  Fig,  iii.,  p.  x.);  (7)  by  the  conquest  and  conversion  of  the  heathen  Prussians,  etc.,  not  tlirough  any  national 
German  enterprise,  but  through  the  independent  activity  of  the  Teutonic  knights  (since  12'J6).  The  influence  of  the 
Reformation  on  Germany  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  iv.  (p.  xi.)  and  Plate  7.  The  most  striking  episode  in  the  terrible  Thirty  Years' 
Wai-,  the  intervention  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden,  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  xv.  {see  p.  xvii.),  which  shows  the  course  of 
his  brilliant  campaign.  During  this  period  of  disunion,  Germany  became  the  scene  of  the  rivalries  of  the  chief  European 
states,  especially  the  rivalry  between  France  and  the  House  of  Austria  (1519-1756).  A  principal  field  of  this  rivaliy  was 
Southern  Germany,  which  lay  between  these  two  powers,  and  which  was  perhaps  the  most  di.sorganised  part  of  the  country. 
19  (c)  shows  this  region  in  some  detail,  omitting  the  complicated  political  boundaries,  in  order  to  illustrate  the  frequent 
warfare  both  of  this  and  of  the  succeeding  periods.  (III.)  Tlie  third  period  (1648-1806),  while  still  one  of  disorganisation,  is 
marked  by  the  rivalry  of  two  great  German  powers,  Prussia  and  Austria,  the  former  of  which  rapidly  rises  to  the  first  rank 

among  European  powers.  This  peiiod  is  illustrated  by 
Plates  20  and  21a.  It  is  also  a  period  of  constant 
wai  fare  with  France,  in  studying  which,  19  (c)  will  be 
found  useful.  For  the  Battle  of  Blenheim  see  Fig.  xvi. 
The  period  closes  with  the  Napoleonic  re-organisation  of 
Germany,  for  wliich  see  Plate  9.  For  the  Battles  of 
Austerlitz  and  Jena,  see  Figs.  vi.  and  vii.  (pp.  xii.  and 
xiii.);for  the  Battles  of  Leipzic and  Waterloo,  .^i(/s.viii.  and 
ix.  (pp.  xiii,  and  xiv.)  (IV.)  The  fourth  period,  from  1806, 
is  especially  concerned  with  the  re-establishment  of  German 
unity  under  the  leadership  of  Prussia,  Austria  being 
excluded,  19  {d)  shows  the  short-lived  "  German  Con- 
federation," invented  by  the  statesmen  of  1815  to  replace 
the  dissolved  Holy  Roman  Empire,  but  chiefiy  useful  to 
Austria  as  a  means  of  checking  tlie  nationalist  movement. 
Note  the  total  disappearance  of  ecclesiastical  states.  The 
way  in  which  tariffs  were  used  to  forward  the  process  of 
consolidation  of  Germany  is  illustrated  bv  the  map  of  the 
growth  of  the  Zollverein,  Plate  4-Od.  The  Franco  German 
War,  which  consummated  the  process  of  unification,  and 
in  which  Germany  took  venseance  for  the  long  centuries 
during  which  France  had  profited  by  her  disunity,  is 
illustrated  by  Fig.  xii.  (p.  xvi,  >,  which  shows  the  whole 
field  of  war. 


avaruxn^ 


Fig.  xvi.— The  Battle  of  Blenheim,  13  Aug.,  1704. 


Growth  of  Prussia  (Plate  20). — See  note  on 

Plate  19. — The  maps  on  this  plate,  besides  showing  the 
growth  of  Prussia,  wliich  has  leen  the  chief  feature  of 
the  history  of  Germany  since  1648,  serve  also  to  illustrate 
the  wars  and  treaties  of  the  17th,  18th  and  19th 
centuries,  especially  those  associated  with  Louis  XIV. 
and  the  Great  Elector,  with  Frederick  the  Great,  with  Napoleon,  and  with  Bismarck,  Napoleon's  high-handed  treatment 
of  Prussia,  after  the  Battle  of  Jena,  breaks  the  history  of  Prussian  expansion  into  two  clearly  marked  periods.  The  first 
period  extends  from  1415,  when  the  House  of  Hohenzollern  was  first  planted  in  the  Mark  of  Brandenburg  ;  the  chief  land- 
marks of  this  period  are  the  consolidating  work  of  the  great  Elector  (1640-88),  the  wars  and  conquests  of  Frederick  the 
Great  (1740-86),  and  the  partitions  of  Poland  (1772-93-95),  Thanks  to  these  partitions,  Prussia  seemed  likely,  at  the 
moment  of  its  overthrow  by  Napoleon,  to  become,  like  the  Habsburg  Empire,  a  predominantly  Slavonic  rather  than  a 
German  state.  It  1815  it  was  compensated  for  tiie  loss  of  the  bulk  of  its  Polish  lands  by  solid  acquisitions  in  W^estern 
Germany,  wliich  before  the  French  Revolution  had  been  largely  occupied  by  ecclesiastical  states.  It  thus  became  the 
greatest  of  purely  German  powers  and  the  chief  hope  of  German  unity  ;  and  the  way  was  prepared  for  the  work  of 
Bismarck.     For  the  Battle  of  Jena,  see  Fig.  vii.  (p.  xiii.). 

21a.  Growth  of  the  Habsburg-  Dominions.— The  Habsburg  House,  which  since  1519,  and  in  a  less 
degree  since  lL'72,  has  played  a  leading  jiart  in  European  affairs,  built  up  its  vast  and  heterogeneous  empire  mainly  by 
means  of  a  succession  of  furtunate  marriages  and  a  persistent  and  n<«e' diplomacy,  of  which  it  is  impossible  to  give  any 
account  here  ;  their  results  are  recorded  in  the  map  Note  the  wide  territories  held  at  one  time  or  another  by  this  family 
and  subsequently  lost;  especially  the  loss  of  German  lands.  The  Austrian  house  held  the  Imperial  crown  continuously 
from  1438  till  the  abolition  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  in  1806  (except  in  tlie  years  1742-5),  and  the  Presidency  of  the 
Germanic  0<mfederation  from  1815  till  1866,  and  was  thus  throughout  this  period  the  dominant  power  in  Germany.  But 
it  has  never  been,  at  any  rale  since  the  16th  century,  a  [lurely  German  power,  and,  occupied  chiefly  with  its  non  German 
lands,  was  never  able  to  obtain  the  real  leadership  of  Germany.  After  1526  (when  15ohemia,  Hungary,  etc.  were  acquired) 
only  a  part  of  its  territories  lay  even  wirhin  the  limits  of  the  Empire  {see  Plates  6,  7  and  8)  or  of  the  German 
Confederation  (»«e  Plates  10  and  19rfj  ;  even  of  these  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Styria  and  (in  part)  Carinthia  were  Slavonic 
in  race,  speech  and  sentiment,  while  Austria  itself  was  not  part  of  the  original  Germany  {see  Plate  18),  but  though 
thoroughly  Germanised,    was   like   Brandenburg,  a  mark  or   border-province,    originally   Slavonic.      Outside  the   limits 


INTRODUCTION.  xix. 

of  the  Empire  the  Habsburg  territories  have  always  been  occupied  by  a  stran;;e  mixture  of  races,  all  acutely  conscious  of 
their  racial  distiiictinns  and  attached  to  their  distinctive  institutions:  Hungarians,  Slovaks,  Rulhenians,  Croats,  Roumans, 
Serviatis,  etc.  Since  the  middle  of  the  1 8th  century  the  whole  tendency  of  this  divided  inonarcliy  has  l)een  towards 
expansion  in  the  non  German  regions.  The  A  ustro  Hungarian  Empire,  therefore,  is  not  and  has  never  been  a  nation  slate, 
like  the  other  great  regions  previously  dealt  with  ;  it  is  an  area  occupied  by  fragments  of  almost  all  the  races  that  have 
peopled  Europe,  held  together  only  l)y  common  subjection  to  a  ruling  House.  Coiis(!quently,  the  Habsburg  House  has 
been  the  foe  of  all  nationalist  movements,  especially  in  Germany  ;  while  its  geographical  position  has  involved  it  in  all 
the  inter  national  contests  of  the  last  four  centuries.  This  absence  of  any  national  basis  is  the  clue  to  its  political  history 
since  the  16th  century.      For  the  Battle  of  Austerlitz,  see  Fig.  vi.  (p.  xii.). 

216.  Growth  of  the  Ottoman  Empire. — The  Ottoman  Empire,  like  the  Habsburg  Empire,  is  not  a  nation-state, 
but  is  the  empire  of  a  small  and  warlike  tribe,  whose  armies  even  were  largely  manned  from  among  its  sulijects.  Its 
power  therefore,  has  at  all  times  depended  upon  the  vigour  of  its  rulers.  Observe  that  the  great  Empire  shown  on  the 
map  is  mainly  the  work  of  tliree  princes  :  Mohammi-d  II.,  Selim  II.  and  Solyman  the  Magnificent.  The  rapidity  witli 
which  the  Eiipire  was  acquired  was  due  to  the  division  of  the  territory  affected  among  hostile  and  ill-organised  tribes, 
and  as  the  Empire  lacked  all  the  elements  of  unity,  it  could  have  no  permanence  ;  but  for  the  jealousies  of  the  European 
powers,  it  must  have  broken  up  much  earlier.  For  the  first  stages  in  the  decay  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  see  Plate  22. 
The  history  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula  during  the  19th  century  will  be  the  subject  of  a  Plate  in  the  Students'  Edition  of  this 
Atlas  For  the  earlier  history  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula  and  the  Asiatic  lands  see  the  General  Maps  of  Europe  and 
Plate  23 

Middle  Eastern  Europe  (Plate  22). — Illustrates  the  most  remarkable  series  of  territorial  changes  which  have 
taken  place  in  Europe  in  modern  times  ;  changes  which,  despite  the  rapidity  and  high  handedness  with  which  they 
were  accomplished,  have  been,  in  their  main  features,  permanent.  In  22  (a),  tiiree  great  states,  Sweden,  Poland  and  Turkey, 
are  seen  stretching  across  Europe  from  north  to  south.  They  shut  out  Russia  from  all  contact  with  the  sea  or  with  the 
Wes  ern  European  powers  ;  while  Prussia  is  a  minor  and  divided  state,  seemingly  at  the  mercy  of  Poland  and  Sweden,  and 
Austria  controls  only  a  small  territory,  gravely  threatened  Ijy  Turkey.  In  22  (6),  130  years  later,  one  of  tliese  three  great 
states,  Poland,  has  vanished  altogether,  the  stages  of  its  destruction  being  marked  by  red  lines  (with  dates)  on  the  map; 
Sweden  has  lost  most  of  its  Baltic  lands  to  Russia  and  is  soon  (1809)  to  lose  Finland  also;  it  has  also  lost  part  of  its 
German  Territory  to  Prussia;  Turkey  has  lost  its  northern  Black  Sea  lands  lo  Russia,  and  the  whole  of  Hungary  to 
Austria.  The  three  powers,  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria,  now  almost  divide  Eastern  Europe  between  them.  The  maps 
also  illustrate  the  campaigns  in  Eastern  Europe  from  1650  to  1800. 

Tne  Crusades  (Plate  23). — Is  primarily  intended  to  illustrate  the  later  crusades  (for  the  first  crusade  see 
Plate  4),  but  also  serves  to  illustrate  the  history  of  the  Eastern  Empire  in  the  12th,  13th  and  14th  centuries.  23  {h)  shows 
the  break-up  of  the  Eastern  Empire  as  a  result  of  the  Fourth  Crusade,  and  thi;  establishment  of  a  number  of  petty 
Latin  states  on  its  ruins.  In  23  (c),  which  serves  to  illustrate  the  fighting  in  Syria,  note  the  limits  of  the  territory 
secured  Ijy  Frederick  II.  by  treaty  in  1229,  when  he  was  under  papal  excommunication.  He  had,  in  fact  (as  these 
maps  show),  achieved  more  than  any  of  his  predecessors  since  the  first  crusade. 


SECTION  III.— THE  BRITISH  ISLES.     PLATES  24—36. 

Roman  Britain  (Plate  24). — This  map  illustrates  not  only  the  Roman  occupation,  but  the  influence  of  physical 
features  upon  early  English  history.  Not  only  the  mountains  but  the  forests  and  marshes  exercised  a  profound  influence, 
breaking  up  the  country  into  isolated  fragments.  Observe  the  skill  with  which  the  Roman  roads  overcame  these 
obstacles,  and  in  some  degree  welded  the  country  together.  Note  the  relation  of  the  northern  roads  to  the  great  Wall  and 
the  defence  of  the  northern  frontier.  Note  also  that  London,  though  never  an  administrative  centre  under  the  Romans, 
is  nevertheless  the  point  from  which  all  roads  radiate.  From  the  ports  on  the  Kentish  shore  through  which  contact  with 
the  rest  of  the  Empire  was  maintained,  roads  must  run  to  all  parts  of  the  province  ;  but  the  dense  Anderida  silva  on  the 
left,  and  the  marshy  estuary  of  the  Tnames  on  the  right,  forced  the  roads  to  converge  on  the  lowest  convenient  crossing-point 
over  the  Thames.  At  the  centre  of  the  road-system,  with  the  best  navigable  river  to  bring  down  the  products  of  the 
inland  regions  to  her  maikets,  and  with  a  safe  harbour  which  looked  out  towards  the  Continent  but  was  at  llie  same  time 
far  more  secure  from  marauders  than  the  shore-ports,  London  was  from  the  beginning  destined  to  be  the  capital  of  England, 

Political  development  of  England  before  the  Norman  Conquest  (Plate  25). —  ihese  maps,  especially 

25  (a),  should  be  read  in  conjunction  with  Plate  24,  in  order  that  the  student  may  realise  how  the  course  of  the 
English  conquest,  and  the  divisions  among  the  conquering  tribe.s,  were  determined  by  the  pliysical  features.  Observe  the 
extreme  slowness  of  the  conquest  as  shown  in  25  (a).  It  was  probably  only  in  the  first  stage  that  there  was  any  complete 
displacement  of  the  earlier  Gelto-Iberian  population.  Note  the  remarkable  permanence  of  the  divisions  between  Wessex, 
Mercia,  etc.,  which  survive  down  to  the  Norman  Conquest,  and  which  only  a  crushing  force  could  obliterate. 

The  British  Isles  and  their  Invaders  (Plate  26). — Illustrates  (a)  the  physical  relationship  between  the  British 
Isles  and  the  Continent,  (b)  the  political  relationships  of  tlie  11th  century,  when  after  long  isolation  England  was  brought 
once  again  and  finally  into  the  European  comity,  through  the  enterprise  of  the  all-pervading  Northmen,  first  as  a  part 
of  the  Empire  of  Canute,  later  by  the  Norman  Conquest.  Note  that  this  is  the  century  in  which  the  restless  and 
adventurous  spirit  of   the  Northmen  is  achieving  its  greatest  results  ;  of  note  on  Plate  4  above. 


XX. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Scale  1:  80.000 
/  mile 


Fig.  xvii. — The  Battle  of  Bannockbdrn,  25  June,  1314. 


Fig.  xviii.— The  Battle  of  Cressy,  26  Aug.,  1346. 


Mediaeval  Eng-land  and  Wales  (Plate  27).— Illustrates  the 

general  history  of  England  from  the  Norman  Conquest  to  the  Tudor 
Period.  It  shows  (1)  the  chief  battlefields,  (2)  the  principal  castles, 
(3)  the  boroughs  which  returned  members  to  14th  century  Parliaments. 
The  distribution  of  these  gives  some  idea  of  the  relative  population  of 
different  parts  of  the  country.  In  Wales,  where  there  was  a  state  of 
almost  unceasing  war,  and  no  fixed  county  organisation,  the  boundaries 
given  are  only  approximate,  sliowing  the  area  generally  held  by  the 
Lords  Marcher  during  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  For  a  more 
detailed  treatment  of  Wales  in  the  13th  century  see  Plate  29.  The 
territory  coloured  pink  was  under  tlie  normal  administration  of  the 
sherifis  and  the  king's  courts  ;  all  territory  otherwise  coloured  was 
under  special  feudal  jurisdiction.  These  special  jurisdictions  are  all 
on  the  frontiers  of  Wales  and  Scotland,  (a)  the  Palatinate  of  Chester 
with  the  Welsh  Marcher  Lordships;  (b)  the  Palatinate  of  Durham 
with  the  Northumbrian  franchises  of  Hexhamshire  (.\rchbishop  of 
York),  Tynedale  (King  of  Scots),  and  Redesdale  (D'Umfraville). 
The  Palatinate  of  Lancaster  was  a  later  and  artificial  creation  in 
honour  of  John  of  Gaunt,  not  necessitated  by  frontier  defence. 

The    Ang-evin    Empire    of    Henry   II.  and    Richard    I, 

(Plate  28). — The  exact  limits  of  Henry  II. 's  supremacy  in  France 
are  not  easy  to  determine.  Many  of  the  great  barons  of  Aquitaine, 
and  especially  of  its  eastern  regions,  were  never  effectively  brought 
into  obedience,  and  recognised  or  repudiated  the  Angevin  supremacy 
as  it  suited  their  convenience.  For  the  loss  of  the  French  possessions 
of  Henry  II.  see  Plates  I3a  and  29a  ;  for  the  Battle  of  Bouvines  see 
Fig.  X.  (p.  XV.).  In  Ireland,  the  area  coloured  dark  pink  is  an  ap- 
proximate  indication  of   the   extent   of    territory  brought  under  the 

control  of  the  En- 
glish conquerors 
by  the  end  of  the 
12th  century. 

England  in 
France,  and  the 
EnglishBorders 
(Plate    29).— 

29  [a)  illustrates 
not  only  the  first 
stage  of  the  Hun- 
dred Years'  War, 
but  the  French 
wars  of  Henry  III. 
and  Edward  I. 
Note  the  provis- 
ions of  the  Treaty 
Fig.  xix.— The  Battle  OF  PoiTiBES,  19  Sept.,  1355.       of      Paris,      1259. 


Seole  I  lOOflOO 
One  mii* 


VjBf" ■■'y"#ii^^-''      V 


The  failure  of  Philip  IV.  of  France  loyally  to  observe  this  treaty 
maintained  a  constant  state  of  friction  between  England  and  France. 
For  the  Battles  of  Cressy  and  Poitiers,  see  Fii/s.  xviii.  and  lix.  Map 
(b)  illustrates  the  War  in  France  under  Henry  V.  and  Henry  VI. — 
note  tlie  extent  of  the  Burgun<iian  territory  at  this  perioil  ;  for  its  later 
growth  see  Plate  196  ;  for  the  Battle  of  Agincourt,  see  Fig.  xi.  29  ('•) 
shows  the  principal  ca.stles  in  Wales  and  the  Marches,  and  illustiate.s 
the  important  part  played  by  this  region  in  the  Wars  of  the  Barons, 
as  well  as  Edward  I.'s  conquest  of  North  Wales  and  his  organisation 
of  shires  ;  29  (d)  illustrates  more  especially  the  War  of  Scottish 
independence,  but  also  the  whole  course  of  the  iiorder  struggle  between 
the  two  nations  during  the  raediajval  period.  For  the  earlier  iiistory 
of  Scotland  see  Plate  32.     For  the  Battle  of  Bannockburn,  see  Fig.  xvii. 

Ecclesiastical   England   to   the   time   of   Henry   VIII. 

(Plate  30). — shows  the  ecclesiastical  division  of  England  during  the 
later  middle  age.s  and  down  to  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.,  whose  new 
bishoprics  are  indicated.  Note  the  parliamentary  abbeys  whose  abbots 
sat  in  the  Houso  of  Lords.  These  varied  in  number  ;  only  the  26 
which  were  generally  represented  are  shown.  In  regard  to  other 
monasteries,  the  aim  of  the  map  is  to  give  a  general  impression  of 


Fig.  XX.— The  Battle  of  Aoincourt,  25  Oct.,  1415. 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXI. 


''j-JtinoTtci 


Ruperts  l^arclt  to  AfdrsionMo^ 
II  II      front    M         II 


their  number  and  geographical  distribution  in  the  later  middle  ages  ;  only  the  more  important  are  named,  and  no  attempt 
is  made  to  indicate  the  different  orders.  The  figures  after  the  names  of  certain  towns  indicate  that  in  these  towns  there 
were  several  monastic  houses,  including  the  Friaries,  whose  work  was  concentrated  in  tlie  towns. 

Engfland  during  the  Civil  War  (Plate  31). — 31  (a)  sliows  the  results  of  the  campaign  of  1643;  the  change 
from  31  (a)  to  31  (f>)  shows  tlio  results  ui  the  campaign  of  1644;  while  31  (h)  shows  the  results  of  the  campaign 
of  1645.  For  the  Scottish  portion  of  the  war  see  Plate  33a  ;  for  the  Irish  portion  Plate  34b.  The  Campaign  and  Battle 
of  Marston  Moor  are  shown  in  Fitjs.  xxi.  and  xxii.  ; 
the  Battle  of  Naseby  in  Fig.  xxiii.  ;  the  Battle  of 
Worcester  in  Fir/,  xxvi.  (p.  xxiii.). 

Scotland  in  the  XI.  Century  (Plate  32).— 

Shows  the  diverse  elements  out  of  which  the  Kingdom 
of  Scotland  was  welded  in  the  1  I  th  and  following 
centuries  :  (1)  Alban,  (2)  Moray,  (3)  Argyll,  or  Scotland 
proper,  (4)  the  Norse  supremacy  over  Sutlierland  and 
the  Isles,  (5)  the  British  kingilom  of  Stralhclyde  (with 
Galloway),  and  (6)  the  Northumbrian  region  of  Lothian. 
For  the  relations  between  England  and  Scotland  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  see  Plate  29rf. 

The  Modern  History  of  Scotland  (Plate  33). 

— 33  (a)  illustrates  the  Reformation  period,  the 
troubles  of  Queen  Mary  of  Scots,  the  part  played  by 
Scotland  in  the  Puritan  Revoluticjn,  and  the  campaigns 
of  Montrose.  33  (b)  illustrates  the  Persecution  and 
the  risings  in  the  time  of  the  later  Stuarts,  the 
Revolution,  the  Jacobite  rebellions,  and  the  general 
development  of  modern  Scotland.  These  maps  should 
be  read  in  conjunction  with  Plate  32.  The  latter 
shows  district  names  such  as  Kyle,  Badenoch,  Buchan  ; 

33  (a)  shows  clan  and  family  names  ;  33  (h)  shows 
county  divisions.  In  33  ('aj  note  the  Highland  line.  The 
Battle  of  Dunbar  is  shown  in  Fig.  xxv.  p.  (xxii.). 

Ireland  (Plate  34).— 34  (a)  illustrates  the 
medijeval  history  of  Ireland,  and  indicates  the  distri- 
bution of  the  principal  Irish  septs  and  Norman  families. 

34  (c)  contains  the  names  of  all  places  of  importance 

in  the  tragical  history  of  Ireland  during  the  16th,  17th  and  18th  centuries.  34  (b)  shows  in  summary  the  resettlement 
of  Irish  land  either  by  confiscation  or  by  re-grant  to  the  native  proprietors,  during  the  Tudor  and  early  Stuart  periods; 
34  (d)  the  high-handed  and  unjust  confiscation  of  lands  proposed  and  partly  carried  out  by  Cromwell. 

The  United  King-dom 
—Parliamentary  Repre- 
sentation   (Plate    35). — 

Shows  the  system  of  parlia- 
mentary representation  exist- 
ing before  1832.  (1)  The 
student  should  note  the  areas 
where  names,  i.e.,  constit 
uencies,  are  most  abundant ; 
the  table  of  references  gives 
the  total  number  of  members 
elected  in  each  county.  To 
some  extent  the  counties  most 
largely  represented,  «.</.,  Wilt- 
shire (centre  of  the  woollen 
trade)  were  the  most  populous. 
In  other  cases  {e.g.  Cornwall) 
this  was  not  so.  (2)  The 
-  boroughs  in  England  whose 
names  are  printed  in  the 
smallest  type,  were  the  rotten 
boroughs  disfranchised  by  the 
Reform  Act.  Note  their 
number.  -f'?-  ^"''i- 

England  and  the  Industrial  Revolution  (Plate  36).— Shows  the  eS"eots  of  the  Industrial  Revolution  in  regard 
to  distribution  of  population,  the  rise  of  large  towns  on  the  coalfield  areas,  and  the  localisation  of  industries.  In 
36  (a)  only  those  parts  of  the  coalfields  are  shown  which  were  actually  worked.  A  number  of  towns  which  were 
important  as  market  towns,  are  shown  in  36  {a) ;    but  there  are  only  six  towns  shown  on  36  (a)  which  would  be  qualified 


Campaign  of  Mabston  Moor. 


Borse  Foot 

L^ll      IFarHamentarvj 
Scots 
a.  Ruperts  Borsc 
^IfewcaJttieJ!  Foot 

tunxLa-Eytfun.) 
CRupert&Foot 
d-Gvrijig's  Morse 


Wtavithi:aba.VffafcSi 


P  (VfrmK  eTls  Horse 
f  Fcurfiix  s  Sojse 

(ujLdertrau'tvrd'} 
"hTazHxuc  s  Foot 
iLfisUejSbrse 
JlScots 


'BorMFoot 
C:a  MtKoyalist 


Fiij.  xxii.— Battle  of  Marston  Moor,  2  July,  1644. 


-The  Battle  of  Nasebt,  14  June,  1645. 


Fi'j,  xxi v.— Enclosures  in  England  in 
THE  18th  Century. 

The  area  shaded  verticalhi  was  viamly  or 
largely  cultivated  on  thf  oj}^7i-jield  system  in  1700  ; 
the  area  shaded  horizontally  was  partially  and 
sporadically  cultivated  on  this  system. 


INTRODUCTION. 

to  be  shown  at  all  on  36  (b),  where  no  town  of  less  than  10,000  is  figured.  The 
method  of  colouring  for  population  which  has  been  adopted  is  based  upon  the 
population  of  counties  as  a  whole,  and  therefore  does  not  bring  out  with  precision 
the  main  centres  of  population  in  either  map.  But  it  is  only  on  the  basis  of 
counties  that  any  tiustworthy  estimates  for  1701  could  be  obtained.  Apart  from 
London,  the  most  populous  area  in  1701  was  the  Wiltshire  woollen  region  ;  and  next 
to  it  those  of  Yorkshire  and  Norfolk.  In  36  (6)  the  student  should  note  the 
extraordinary  aggregation  of  large  towns  in  five  small  areas:  (1)  the  neighbourhood 
of  London,  (2)  S.  Lancashire  and  S.W.  Yorkshire,  (3)  S.  Northumberland  and 
Durham,  (4)  the  W.  Midlands,  and  (.5)  Glamorgan  and  Monmouth.  Each  of  these 
forms  almost  a  sin'jle  urban  area,  and  all.  with  the  exception  of  London,  are  on 
coaltields.  The  main  facts  of  the  Agrarian  Revolution  of  the  IStli  century,  so  far 
as  they  can  be  indicated  by  a  map,  are  illustrated  in  Fiy.  xxiv.,  which  shows  tlie 
part  of  England  still  largely  cultivated  on  the  open  field  system  at  the  bei,'inning 
of  the  18th  century.  This  area  had  been  practically  entirely  enclosed  before  1901. 
Tlie  enclosure  of  open-fields  (i.e.  arable)  must  be  distinguished  from  the  enclosure 
of  commons  or  wastes,  which  went  on  concurrently,  but  which  it  has  not  been  found 
practicable  to  illustrate. 


SECTION  IV.— THE  EUROPEANISATION  OF  THE  WORLD.     PLATES  37—48, 


The  general  object  of  this  section  is  (1)  to  trace  in  a  series  of  general  maps  the  course  of  world  exploration,  the  part 
taken  by  the  various  European  states  in  each  period  in  colonising  work,  and  the  growth  of  European  geographical 
conceptions — this  last  point  being  illustrated  by  a  .series  of  reproductions  of  contemporary  maps,  on  which  shadow-maps  of 
the  world  are  superimposed,  to  show  how  far  and  where  they  were  wrong  ;  (2)  to  illustrate  in  detail  the  history  of  those 
regions  in  which  the  British  race  has  been  chiefly  concerned  during  the  last  three  centuries.  A  fuller  treatment  will  be 
given  to  both  of  these  groups,  and  more  adequate  attention  will  be  given  to  non-British  regions,  in  the  Students' 
Edition  of  this  Atlas. 

The   Europeanisation    of  the    World    (Plates   37 — 40). — These  maps  give   the  general  history  of  exploration 

and  colonisation  down  to  the  middle  of  the  19th  century.  In  each  map  that  part  of  the  world  which  at  the  date  of  the 
map  was  either  unknown  or  not  brought  under  European  influence  is  coloured  pale  buff.  The  routes  of  some  of  the 
chief  explorers  are  marked  on  each  map,  except  the  last,  on  which  the  principal  ocean-tracks  followed  by  commerce  before 
the  age  of  steam  are  figured.  Two  maps  illustrating  the  main  features  of  Arctic  an  i  Antarctic  exploration  wdl  be  found 
on  Plate  40.  Note  carefully  the  series  of  contemporary  maps  showing  the  current  ideas  of  the  foriu  of  the  world  at  the 
time  of  the  settlements  shown  in  the  main  maps  above  ;  these  serve  to  explain  many  things,  such  as  the  theory  of  the 
N.-W.  Passage,  see  Schoner's  Map,  (Plate  37c),  and  Mercator's  Map  (Plate  386),  Note  in  Plate  37  the  predominance  of 
Spain  and  Portugal ;  in  Plate  38  the  world-wide  activity  of  the  Dutch,  and  especially  Tasman's  exploration  of  Australia  ; 
in  Plate  39  the  predominance  of  ICngland  as  a  result  of  her  victory  over  France  in  America  and  India;  in  Plate  40  the 
still  more  striking  predominance  of  England,  at  that  perioii  almost  the  only  active  colonising  power;  and  the  development 
of  the  chief  European  colonies  in  N.  and  S.  America  into  independent  states. 

West  Indies  and  Central  America  (Plate  41).— The  West 

Indies  and  Central  .America  were  the  field  of  the  rivalry  of  all  the 
maritime  nations  from  the  middle  of  the  16th  to  the  beginning  of 
the  19th  century.  The  confusing  changes  in  ownership  of  the  lesser 
islands,  at  first  chiefly  haunted  by  buccaneers,  are  shown  iu  detail  in 
the  larger  map,  while  the  smaller  maps  illustrate  the  position  of  the 
various  competing  powers  at  intervals  of  about  a  century,  Tlie  history 
of  the  .Spanish  Empire  is  also  partially  illustrated.  For  South  America 
see  Plates  37—40  ;  S.  America  will  be  separately  and  fully  dealt  with 
in  the  Slu<Ient's  Edition  of  this  atlas. 


Scali!  1:80,000 


^.-■?y--!^^^-  ^tI  tesu"*-  "''Us-.-- .■■■-- 


The  Colonisation  of  North  America  (Plates  42—43).— 

These  ni.-ips  illustrate  fully  the  colonisation  of  N.  America  by 
the  European  States,  the  rivalry  of  England  and  France,  and  the 
establishment  of  the  United  Slates.  Tiie  two  maps  should  be  used 
in  conjunction  in  order  that  the  influence  of  physical  factors,  which 
is  nowhere  more  clearly  denionstraljle,  may  i:e  grasjied  by  the  student. 
Note  that  the  barrier  of  the  Alleghiinies  shut  the  English  into  the 
coastal  fringe,  while  the  St.  Lawrence,  cutting  throvigh  the  mountain- 
line,  led  the  French  by  an  easy  path  to  the  (Jreat  Lakes  and  the 
Mis.sissippi  Valley.  Note  in  Plate  44  the  wide  distribution  of 
French  forts  and  stations  along  tlie  Lakes  and  down  the  river  route  to  New  Orleans.  Note  the  great  water-way  of  the 
Hudson,  Lake  Chainplain  and  the  Richelieu,  leading  directly  from  the  centre  of  the  English  settlements  to  the  centre  of 
the  French  settlements  ;    on  tliis  line  there  is  mucli  fighting.      Note  that  the  Mohawk   Valley  is  the  only  effective  breach 


Fig.  XXV. — The  Battlb  of  Dunbar,  3  SBtTEMBRii,  16.W. 


INTRODUCTION. 


in  the  mountain-barrier  within  reach  of  the  English  ;  and  observe  the  importance  of  the  position  of  the  Iroquois  Indians, 
controlling  this  line  and  threatening  at  once  the  French  and  the  English.  Note  in  43  (h)  the  confused  and  sporadic  early 
settlements  in  New  England  and  in  43  (c)  the  way  in  which  ihe  Dutch  and  Swedish  settlements  divided  the  English 
settlements  and  Ijy  way  of  the  Hudson  rendered  possible  a  link  witli  the  Frencli.  A  more  detailed  treatment  of  the  chief 
historical  areas  of   North  America,  and   of  the  American   Civil  War,  will   Ije  given  in  the  Student's  Edition  of  this  Atlas. 

The  Growth  of  Canada  and  the  United  States  (Plate  44). — In  British  North  America  note  the  stages  in 
the  organisation  of  the  dominion: — (l)fiiim  1793  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  are  separate  colonies.  Nova  Scotia,  New 
Brunswick,  Prince  Edward's  Island  and  Newfoundland  also  each  independent ;  {'!)  1841  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  united  ; 
(3)  1867  the  Dominion  formed,  including  the  two  Canadas,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  ;  (4)  tlie  opening  out  of  the 
west  by  the  Canadian-Pacific  Railway,  British  Columbia  added  to  the  Dominion  (1871),  an  i  the  organisation  of  the 
western  territories,  which  in  1905  became  states  of  the  Dominion.  Note  both  in  Canada  and  the  United  States  the  vital 
importance  of  the  great  transcontinental  railways  in  binding  together  these  vast  territories  ;  until  the  age  of  railways, 
democratic  communities  on  so  vast  a  scale  would   have    been  impossible.      Note  the  boundary  questions  (a)  in  Maine,  (6)  in 

Oregon,  settled  at  a  lime  when  all  parties  in  England 
anticipated  the  early  union  of  Canada  with  the 
United  States.  In  Maine,  a  wedtje  of  foreign  terri- 
tory is  thrust  almost  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  has 
to  lie  crossed  by  the  chief  railway.  In  the  United 
States  note  that  the  settlement  of  the  territory  west 
of  the  Alleghanies  did  not  Viegin  until  after  the 
American  Revolution  {cf  dates  of  Ohio,  Kentucky, 
etc)  Note  also  the  importance  of  the  Louisiana 
purchase  ;  and  the  conquest  of  the  rest  of  American 
territory  fr  ^m  the  Spanish  -  American  power  of 
Mexico. 


Scale  l-80,000 
tmilA 


Fig.  xxvi. — The  Battle  of  Woeckstkr,  3  September,  1651. 


"Wind 
NWW 


OFre/uJi      / 


The  Growth  of  British   Power  in  India 

(Plate  45).  —  illustrates  in  detail  the  growth  of  the 
British  powir  in  India  down  to  the  close  of  the 
governor-generalsliip  of  Wellesley.  The  earlier  his- 
tory of  India  and  of  Southern  Asia  will  be  treated 
in  the  Student's  Edition  of  this  Atlas.  The  first 
map  is  physically  coloured,  in  order  to  brina  out  the 
historical  effects  of  the  conformation  of  the  country, 
and  the  two  maps  should  be  used  in  conjunction. 
Note  (1)  that  the  Deccan  or  Southern  Peninsula  is 
naturally  distinct,  and  has  a  ditterent  history,  from 
the  Gangetic   Valley;   hence  the  growth   of  British 

power   in  the  Carnatic  is  largely  a  separate  story  from  that  of  the  British  power  in   Bengal,  the  Governors  of.  Madras 

being  chiefly  concerned   with  the  great  powers  of  the  Southern   Uplands  and  Coastal    Plain — the  Carnatic,    Mysore  and 

Hyderabad;  while  the  Governor  of  Calcutta  was  concerned  with  the  Nabobs  of  Bengal  and  Oudh  and  the  Great  Mogul 

at  Delhi.      But  note  (2)  that  the  remarkable  geographical  position  of  the  Marathas,  stretching  across  India  between  these 

two  regions,  gives  a  unity  to  Indian  History  after  theii  rise,  because  every 

power    was    necessarily    brought    into   relations    with    them.       Hence    the 

Marathas  were  the  most  dangerous  foes  of  the  British  in  India.     And  note 

(3)  that  the  unity  of  the  scattered  British  territories  in   the  earlier  period 

was  only  secured  by  control  of  the  sea  ;  and   that  as  a  consequence  of  this, 

early  British  expansion  is  mainly  aimed  at  securing  the  control  of  the  coast- 
line.   It  is  not  till  the  time  of  Wellesley  that  this  policy  is  exchanged  for  one 

of  territorial  supremacy.    His  work  falls  into  three  stages  :  (1)  the  assumption 

of  control  over  the  Deccan  by  the  annexation  of  the  Carnatic  and  of  the 

greater  part  of  Mysore,   and  the  reduction  of  the  rest  of  Mysore  and    of 

the  Nizam   to  subsidiary  alliance  ;   (2)  the  assumption  of  control   over  the 

Ganges  valley  by  the  annexation  of  the  Doab  and  the  reduction  of  Oudh  and 

the  Mogul  to  dependence  ;  (3)  the  attempt  to  subjugate  the  Marathas,  which 

was  stopped  when  half  achieved  and  had  to  be  completed  by  Lord  Hastings 

(see  Plate  46). 

India  in  1858  (Plate  46).— The  chief  features  of  the  advance  of  the 
British  power  in  India  during  the  19th  century  are  :  (1)  the  final  subjugation 
of  the  Marathas  (1817-18)  ;  (2)  the  assumption  of  direct  rule  in  a  number 
of  inland  states,  including  Mysore,  Nagpore,  Oudh,  Sattara,  etc.  ;  (3)  a  rapid 
advance  towards  a  defensible  natural  frontier  on  the  N.W.  in  the  Sind  War 
(1843)  and  the  Sikh  War  (1845-6  and  1848  9);  and  (4)  the  conquest  of 
Burma  on  the  East.     The  map  also  illustrates  the  Mutiny. 

The  Europeanisation  of  Africa  (Plate  47).— Though  the  coast  of 

Africa  was  fully  known  before  that  of  any  other  part  of  the  World  outside  of 
Europe,  this  continent,  as  a  whole,  was  the  last  to  be  brought  under  European 


ZtuU>us 

^Vangiiard  (Flagship) 

^^"'^    A,,uiLmS> 

^Defence. 

Peixpie  Souvera^ 

L'Ch-ient^ 

^Tonnant 


1;  600.000 


^t\     .T:^;    »    AB  0  TTKIK 


MiyestLc 

GiaUaieme  Tell 

r-   ■       ^ 
Uenereux. 

TijTtoXeoiL  O 


Fig.  xxvii.— The  Battle  of  the  Nile,  1  August,  1798. 


INTRODUCTION. 


influence  or  control.  This  was  because  the  coast,  eveiy-where  inhospitable,  is  everywhere  backed  either  by  deserts  or  by 
malarious  jungle  ;  while  all  the  great  rivers  (except  tiie  Nile)  were  long  prevented  from  being  made  highways  to  the 
inlmd  plateau  by  falls  near  their  mouths,  where  they  descend  from  the  plateau,  and  by  the  malarious  character  of  their 
lower  reaches  ;  Africa  is  like  a  nut  with  a  very  hard  kernel,  and  was  neglected  so  long  as  more  easily  accessible  lands 
were  available  to  the  ambidons  of  colonising  nations.  Towards  the  end  of  the  19th  century  when  Europe  had  come 
to  an  end  of  revolutionary  changes  after  the  Franco  German  War,  the  suddenly  awakened  colonial  ambitions  of  the  powers 
found  Africa  almost  the  only  unappropriated  region  of  the  world.  Hence  the  rapidity  with  which  it  was  partitioned 
amongst  them,  which  (with  the  aid  of  gradations  of  colour  according  to  date)  is  shown  in  Map  (a).      In  47  (c)—West  Africa 

— note  the  numerous  settlements  of  the  various 
European  powers  along  the  coast  of  W.  Africa 
during  the  ISth  century,  chiefly  tor  the  purposes 
of  the  slave-trade  :  not  only  Portuguese,  Dutch, 
French,  and  English,  but  Danes  and  Prussians 
founding  trading  stations,  which  frequently 
changed  hands,  and  in  no  cases  carried  with 
them  extended  territorial  power.  Note  the 
recently  established  predominance  of  France  : 
Great  Britain,  however,  controlling  two  of  the 
three  most  valuable  river  entries  into  the  inland 
regions.  In  47  (b) — Gape  Colony — note  the 
struggles  on  the  eastern  boundary  against  the 
Katiirs,  and  the  slow  advance  of  the  frontier 
in  that  direction — this  being  the  only  point  at 
which  the  English,  for  a  long  time,  came  in 
contact  with  warlike  native  powers.  The  divisions 
are  those  of  the  Dutch  at  the  time  of  the 
English  conquest,  and  give  some  indication  of 
the  extent  of  the  settlement  at  that  date.  The 
great  variation  in  the  size  of  the  provinces  is 
instructive,  the  wealth  and  population  of  each 
province  being  roughly  in  inverse  proportion  to 
its  size.  47  (d) — Physical — illustrates,  with 
dates,  the  growth  of  British  power  in  S.  Africa. 
47  (e),  gives  a  fuller  treatment  of  Natal, 
the  main  clash-point  between  the  English,  the  Dutch  and 
the  most  formidable  native  tribes.  Note  the  repeated 
attempts  of  the  Boers  to  control  the  access  to  the  coast 
in  this  direction,  first  by  their  early  settlements,  then  in 
the  '80's  by  the  expansion  of  the  New  Republic  at  the 
expense  of  the  Zulus. 

The    British    Settlement   of  Australasia   (Plate 

48c[). — Happy  is  the  nation  that  has  no  history.  Apart 
from  the  Maori  wars  in  New  Zealand,  the  only  noteworthy 
features  of  the  history  of  Australasia  are  the  dates  of  the 
successive  settlements,  and  the  chief  stages  in  the  ex- 
ploration of  this  region,  both  of  which  are  shown  on  the 
map.  A  fuller  treatment  of  this  subject  will  be  given  in 
the  Students'  Edition  of  this  Atlas. 

The  Narrow  Seas  and  the  North  Atlantic  (Plate 

486  and  C). — 48  (b)  brings  out  the  narrow  and  winding 
channel  which  separates  England  from  the  Continent,  and 
notes  the  chief  of  the  innumerable  naval  conflicts  of  which  it 
has  been  the  scene.  48  (c)  deals  in  less  detail  with 
the  wider  field  of  the  North  Atlantic,  on  which  the  wars, 
especially  of  the  18th  century,  were  waged,  and  especially 
with  Nelson's  pre-Trafalgar  campaign.  A  fuller  treatment 
of  these  subjects  will  be  given  in  the  Students'  Edition 
of  this  Atlas.  For  plans  of  the  Battles  of  the  Nile, 
Copenhagen  and  Trafalgar,  see  Fiys.  xxvii.  (p.  xxiii.),  xxviii., 


Fig.  xxviii.— Battle  (if  Copenhagen,  2  April,  1801. 


ft    (i 


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Sta  AnrUL.  ^      A    „    i 


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— o 

J    ^ 


&  SpanLA,    M 


CO  f 


Fi(j.  xxix.— Battle  of  Tkafaloar,  21  October,  1805. 


ERRATA. 
Plate  5. — The  peninsula  of  Uallipoli  should  be  coloured  to  the  Ottoman  Turks,  cf  Plate  216. 
Plate  7. — The  name  of  Hanover  (state,  not  town)  has  got  out  of  place,   and  should  fall  entirely  within  the  uncoloured 

space  which  surrounds  the  town  of  Hanover. 
Plate  136.— Under  6W«J,<  insert  {Emj.  till  1558). 
Plate  23c. — Insert  Ar!<uiif  {on  the  coast,  N,  of  Joppa), 

Plate  28.— Title.     For  "  //*  the  time  of  Henry  VIII  "  read  "  to  the  time  of  Henry  VIII." 
Plate  46. — For  "  Dumduna  "  (Ganges  delta)  read  '^  Bum-dum,"  and  for  "  Yanani  "  (E.  coast)  read  "  Yanaon." 


'"^  "~  I  til  Hi 

:      1    :2|5-S^B: 


II!  I 


INTRODUCTION. 


influence  or  control.  This  was  because  the  coast,  every-wliere  inhospitable,  is  everywhere  backed  either  by  deserts  or  by 
malarious  jungle  ;  while  all  the  great  rivers  (except  tiie  Nile)  were  long  prevented  from  being  made  highways  to  the 
inlmd  plateau  by  falls  near  their  mouths,  where  they  descend  from  the  plateau,  and  by  the  malarious  character  of  their 
lower  reaches  ;  Africa  is  like  a  nut  with  a  very  hard  kernel,  and  was  neglected  so  long  as  more  easily  accessible  lands 
were  available  to  the  ambitions  of  colonising  nations.  Towards  the  end  of  the  19th  century  when  Europe  had  come 
to  an  end  of  revolutionary  changes  after  the  Franco  German  War,  the  suddenly  awakened  colonial  ambitions  of  the  powers 
found  Africa  almost  the  only  unappropriated  region  of  the  world.  Hence  the  rapidity  with  which  it  was  partitioned 
amongst  them,  which  (with  the  aid  of  gradations  of  colour  according  to  date)  is  shown  in  Map  (a).      In  47  (c)—'West  Africa 

— note  the  numerous  settlements  of  the  various 
European  powers  along  the  coast  of  W.  Africa 
during  the  ISth  century,  chiefly  for  the  purposes 
of  the  slave-trade  :  not  only  Portuguese,  Dutch, 
French,  and  English,  but  Danes  and  Prussians 
founding  trading  stations,  which  frequently 
changed  hands,  and  in  no  cases  carried  with 
them  extended  territorial  power.  Note  the 
recently  established  predominance  of  France  : 
Great  Britain,  however,  controlling  two  of  the 
three  most  valuable  river  entries  into  the  inland 
regions.  In  47  (b) — Cape  Colony — note  the 
struggles  on  the  eastern  boundary  against  the 
Kaffirs,  and  the  slow  advance  of  the  frontier 
in  that  direction — this  being  the  only  point  at 
which  the  English,  for  a  long  time,  came  in 
contact  with  warlike  native  powers.  The  divisions 
are    those    of    the    Dutch    at    the    time    of    the 


ATAiWJr 

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BIVISIOK 


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Fi'j.  ixii.— Battle  of  Tiiafaloar,  21  October,  1805. 


..„.„  _..„  „» — ..  .. „..^  ..^  ^.^.,  ^^.. — „„,  w„  -^^.j  .*„•.-...-...._, 
features  of  the  history  of  Australasia  are  the  dates  of  the 
successive  settlements,  and  the  chief  stages  in  the  ex- 
ploration of  this  region,  both  of  which  are  shown  on  the 
map.  A  fuller  treitment  of  this  subject  will  be  given  in 
the  Students'  Edition  of  this  Atlas. 

The  Narrow  Seas  and  the  North  Atlantic  (Plate 

486  and  c). — 48  (!>)  brings  out  the  narrow  and  winding 
channel  which  separates  England  from  the  Continent,  and 
notes  the  chief  of  tlie  innumerable  naval  conflicts  of  which  it 
has  been  the  scene.  48  (c)  deals  in  less  detail  with 
the  wider  field  of  the  North  Atlantic,  on  which  the  wars, 
especially  of  the  18th  century,  were  waged,  and  especially 
with  Nelson's  pre-Trafalgar  campaign.  A  fuller  treatment 
of  these  subjects  will  be  given  in  the  Students'  Edition 
of  this  Atlas.  For  plans  of  the  Battles  of  the  Nile, 
Copenhagen  and  Trafalgar,  see  Figs,  xxvii.  (p.  xxiii.),  xxviii., 
xxix. 


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26 


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EtJ-tt  ir-ont-  -t  tnvrjiivieJi 


ENGLAND ' 

iiikI    Iii-i- 

IVs'AUKiiS  i 

iii the  Xi; '.' C KMlTiV  1 


Scale  1.8,000l000Q30mil.s-linoli 


/    A      'f 


L     A 


•^'     T     r 


() 


'^     t 


A      X- 


Sl..-ll:,,„l/)f?" 
1?  viT 


'Srv   I?      ^ 


w 

L        u^^ 

HaiHlaageiteovi  If  4,; 


.^Utvari;t''''i 


■VV- 


0         R 


n 


2In1j 


fJnl-lfn 


A 


01,0*1,101, 


/(..ii'ifi' 


-& 


I ^.w,,  'J  (i4iOFea.(I00Fnth 

U~—\   ..ifOOr>oo0Fr»'i  llflOoHiJh< 


Ittfulu  uihIci- dit^'^t  mlr. 
nf  t'antiti-.. 


„  JN  it  HfM  A  N   l>  Y  />-sXi        iv'-/^      1^ 


^^B  W'-  f/rc'//  Fn/ihnh  Kni'ldoni.v 

\  the.  f'tvUi'MHor. 

I  ^^  77((:  //i^/A«  at  Wdhttm  at' 

I  ipPiP     S'it .nani{y^-  tiirrrlliiilr 


^        l^:.. 


^    -■ 


W'-*A 


52 


r-n 


7  o_  -  I^' 


J 


o;;i.»'«n<-<" 


4B 


.  .AwvcKci'^  Jt6Vni(''  PifCjfuli^i  ik^f^m^hiivl  hurrnti*. 


MEDIAEVAL 

ENGLAND  &WALES 

Scalel:2,50O,0OO(40iuilc.s-l  uk-Ji  t 
Hnyli.sh  A/iU's 

o  ii>  -20  .30  -JO  So 

O  HoiiiiiifhA-  /i'/t/rni/ni  Mf/ii/K'r.t  to  /'offinni'fit 

®  fi'irmiif/iy  with  Cnslk-^ 

Tlte  dnquo  foils  ni-e  undviiiin-H  in  hind; 


s  if- -a, p] 


27 


(iiittihoioitijh.       I 


■<■/.• 


,i-hriilfi<- 


lAtinate)  or 


53 


Corfwrrtfijuth      -, 

Cumbrian  A,--"  -.    •    \ ,, 

V         H  i  1 1  s       ^'  ^    ^JUayuit'i 


I  ^/tn'-.v 


^fti'hmonil  Yorlt    Moors 

V  O  jYocf /i  a/fft"(»n 


t"; 


't 


In     o      b 

'loH'on 


7Lni,vnJtcr[       ( 


IRIS      H 


f^JUpmi   K^TIiirsl,' 

\Y  6'*R  K  SSH  I  R  E 


MoreL-- 


JYidri'ShoroiniR 


^^■(.H; 


E      A 


IV.VA.V 


7;m./„„^ 


York  Wolds 


/I.wv/rv 


.V 


U/V/r/«  0  ^ 


,.5r<- 


W^iH 


A. 


'Snjowdirt,,         4w^ao 


i?'*« 


/V 


'    Cardigan 


-5,r-     /^    M-rir>,!^„^ 


I  /fn^^'% 


^iCOUNTY    PALATINE 
I  OFg  CHESTER 


E  X  B  Y/  I 

\^  /nottingh 


Lincohi 

fTlXp  O  Li  N        ,,  , 


Dirbyd 
i.T,ilb'nry 


No^ij 


Lich^pld 


Wasi  ; 


'^^  ?r  ■        NORFOLK 


SHROPSHIRE 
■  firi'iifrtoitfti 

[   Jujfl'ff'/wJ/i.sh 


/.fouiin%f^j* 


\Carditfii. 


ftUVrtAA^ 


% 


J.lon_d(i^'ct^ 


jl'T'-rn 


OlvtiiartJt^ti  b 

M      A 


^B^a-co 


■^. 


t  .«#K    at, 


B\a'^ 


Br 


1  s  1 0 


^AnjKW'^-' 


:0"t4>j,. 


Q         ■    \       y«, .  'j      -ftOHTmSIlO. 

^^T^L.i2?.f^^-"jl^±^%f^a?i)^     ESSEX 


r  r  OLK 


fWi.r 


^' 


inWi  t 


LojiAon 


a!6(UVf^yyy//r\  S    0    M    E^ 


TtfKnttifie 


Tori-in/jton 


SMoiton 

Tiverton  * 


rp  S  H  I R  eP-"!"^  ^__t>tn^''fld«^ 

rH.rsmfif    °  "  TS.  „?..,.?..„   SEX 


f^.v/^^ 


Sandwich^ 


t-.s^i/-^.' 


K.E  N  T 


t-  n   r«illi-l'bi 


8. 


"'.V 


ETl/C/vfw 


ft  h' 


.-S^H  51 
Romney 


iau/«?^. 


.^n" 


D    iE     V     0--(n 
DaVtyn  o  o  r 


JIoniM 


^If/ji^horH  } 


»     ^  o  ^V-'- 


Mi 


V 


V 


,^0  Ta\nytiitl! 


Lf-tl^ard 


HfUUm  r 


llVli'f' 


=>^, 


oA.ifiJbtij-lon 


fitl-lnintlt/t 


J5^  0    ft    S    E^ 


E      N      Ct     L!      I       S 


^aj^; 


A      X       N       F,       1., 


i         It^s/  /^rom    Greenwie^i    O    ^a*^  ft'w?i  Gi-eenwich. 


•^-■i^irli/:  X--'cr.Z'r^  ~i-  i.-v..".-,  Ja^ynn'tejiZ  &i>r"''i:Xir 


?i^i,i-3  Uintis  unil/TJircct  mtn-'iCllfjuylL. 
; j   iojulj  owi/uj  SiLtrnfin^-  to  him . 

-  ■!  !-■■    hthdn  aujidr^d  or  tjmriufl  thr^iiufh 
Eho/wr  u(  'ytquittthiv . 

^  ..     .  i   /Jorruiina of  r/i/: /ffruji  Crown'. 


lrt).iiy  c  Tlii'Hp  A  Sun  L'^^  Pu>1ji\Ji.'H  iJaj^iMphiAil  Itifilttit*. 


29 


O  Xast  frr>nt     2    Grtxnwich.     4 


-H;^ 


FRANCE 

at  Ih.- 

PEACE  OF  jiiu:ti(;ny.  l.WO 

Sool.-  1  O.ODCMXlfP  .i:>l).mjji^5-lljicl>j 

O  fiO  iOO    IfiO 


O   East  from     2    GreetuvirJL 


A;,,,. 

C  to-  a  A  a  e  1    s„„. 


NORMANDY       "\^is     -f    "v  ^     , 

/!,;.,„:,p — ■  MA  i'n  E  /i„„j._orU-;M.>.'£!v*'''"-';/^/=(,-,V^  ' 


BAY        O 


Najcni  □ 


B     I     S     C    A 


FRANCE 

in  1429 

SL-aiL- 1  flflOO.OOO  '1  JOii)ili;s-IJiicii.'  I 
SO  100 


Lands  ccdc-d  h' Eiujiixiul.it  \  Tjj       r~]  Bu-rfjunduin  Lands 

N\  TreatxofBretigny.  ^  ,    .     "  ITI,  F(>,yC  campaign,  of 

I  IiUdnim' inarch  ro  CaliUs. j?«f./-v  K 


□  ibti«ft«  created  6v  Edward  I  bv  the   -i-n  ■ . 

BH  Principality  of  &tv\-nedd  or ]^o^^h^'*'ales. 

^,J|[  li-iticiptility of^onJiWaJcs  at  its  Hideft  iM-t^nt  J2€7 

^^  (Landit  ufieoloured  wa-e  <jeneraUv  held  b_y  Wf.Uh  B-tronsJ 

I ^i  Approximate  area  of  juri.tdiction  of  Lords  Martlet- 

CLARE  ...Frinap-d  ^Jarchn- lordships, 
■>     CasUes     r 


-i-Ualton  -|     ■ 

COUNTY    FALATIT^E   \    !      n.  ^^ 


Firtlio 


^        d. 

i  TH  E 

SCOTTISH 
BORDERS 

t  Tay       .S^;aI^  1  i;.5'X>.oOu.-K»miles=iioob) 


(    ^  Jititxrhisc  of 

^^^  Bishopric  of  Ihaiuoii.. 

*    fasflcji . 


of  Mar 

!:i^     Nj    0     R     T     H 


Fall-irk^ 
">  JLijiiiJ^UfOwr 


^UUNfflGHAM    "^^^^     Sy^rA-       .  *  * 


Wales  &  me  marches 

ill  tlie  Xlll***  ("cutiiry 

Scale  1:2.&OO.OUO  i  40.uulL-s-llut;h.J 
English  Miles 


j-wick  upon  Tweed 

Ha/ttburtjh 
i}imstanburgh 


R   I    S    H         S    El   A 


We^t    from    4    GreerLwich 


Cum  briari  'Hills 


7^/^      /      -::,\~^4^^/,fo„A,^\^--^ 


IVtvST    fioJn      3    *?^xt.viu7cA 


vAjracJfdlip  £>  San,Z^  Ihf-  ZcmS^'n  i^wj-juTiiiil  2n^tisj2a- 


^    ENGLBB  BIOCESEifl' 

"        "ta'^    Anjflo  Saxou  Period 


inMtff^  fliittp  S>  liV/Li^'  J7i.'  ItjiiJ'^t  /^<Vti'\jptii.'\tl  IrtsUUiitf 


i>*^>iy(v/7n7i>;  A,i>i  I'if  Th'  L^miLni  /tojfinffhi.yil  tiiJiL'itn.f. 


.■8 


Jinatisti   ond    Irish   Ctwtdies   retzirned.  Z  nwjnbvrn 
t\wh     {ybrknkO-K    yefxirncA  'f  m^mbcrAi    fhoni 
ISZl  in  IS3^). 
Scotch    nnd    WcMi-    Counties  I'eltu-nM^  I  rnetahev 
I'aah    fexct'pt  Cromarty    an/i    Nairn.   Laithm'fi 
.:ti\d   Huie,  KiiU'oss   ond  Clacknmnnan..  y^-r^i'dt 
took    rnrns    in    elerf(n/i  a  nfmhep}. 
DoronnhH  retiifnmq  Z  nwrnbers  to  tAe  I^U'Uanhent  of 

ifie   flK.  hrfoiH-  IS3Z..  thus • 

/lomn^/hjt  /•eturrujifj  1  miinUx-r,  thus ^ ■-■ o 

Sco/e/i    tutd,  We/,v/i  horon</fis  prou/K'd  toffct/ier  for 

t/ie    ft^Jirri    "/'   I   rw^tdifr ,  (Jiux o 

/ix-r  tJi'^  Vniort  IJ707)  the  Bar-    / 
\ided    I'/ito  tjroups ,    e^t'h 
oroup    r:{Mi-nu,q  I  mfmher.     Ldinbiuffh         ■       ' 
i-t'iiumed.  ,>/>.?  ri>^mhfr.     /n.mlM   th^  ''«''- 
aiiijhs  ofeufh    ooiui/,y   were  grouped  io 
!>,^iurn     I  member^ 


[In  S<:iHl'^l'd 
ouffhti 


Irish  /tofOt/4j/uf  dt.tfra/iehJsed  al  i/t*i  Vrdni 

ilHch.iha 
liniibsh   Bot-ouiihs  whidi  kepi  2  Stvitif 

nlhf    i}ie' Mcfbnnh    Act    af  JB^Z. 

thuH Uc^voiusLle 

Knnlish-  Boi-ntiqh.s  wliich   iieptl  Sffit  I 

ar\'j-  JfiSZ\  tJm<i Moi'peUh     j 

tinaUnk  liofoughs  whtWt   itwv  disfranch 

;>-rf    (71  mSZ.thits Appleby 

Scottish  CoiinLJcs 
I  AbfnW 

5    H^T^vick 
e  Buff 
(ia.Cai^hfiCJt^ 

7  Cttu-k/ium/iori 

8  Criirnnr/y 

9  Ifunihartofi 

10  lhunihii:s 
U  EtUnbiimb 

12  -£■/</'>/ 

13  r>:i' 
i^ihiilir 
15  MaddirxiitofL 


Tht:  flqiiivg  iifier  the  Coiaif^y  najtuui  .*jiv^  'Ae  , 
tntal   nimihi'i'   of  rm-mhfrii    obt^ixl    by  a, 

Cfumi^y    luul  thi:  liormifflm     wiOdn-  it. 

'Z\  LinvfilfL  '\3.) 
ZZ  }<VdiWuK^    '^' 
TA  Muimouth    3; 

'i.t  SptHw7fifft/>n 


2H  XfMlutmhtftiwd-  ^f^ 
2"  Suitinghim  *8j 

21'.  O.r/op(/.    '9) 
211  JUillitnd  '%) 
S((  Shf'l^liJn'-yi) 
M  Somersfl   16J 
?.2  Staf>i.rii  '^W 
?:.'.  SutYolh    'J*J 

aft  suMJi^r  ''aj) 

:V'>  Warwirk    'H;    . 
37   WI'HtmoHaiut  <:4r> 
3ft  Wilfhuv    (My 

31*  W'hro'Jiler    TO) 
40  yhi-taihW  (32) 

OUItt3«'S 

47  nirU,  <2) 

4H  Q!mnorgqn.''£s 

SO  MfiiUionver^'^t.^ 


itutbJ 


UNITED  KINGDOM 

P.MtLIAMKNTAIA'  HKPKKS KNTATION 
BKI'ORE    183:: 

Seal'-  I;  1  M^O.ono      7.'*'ii±iJ<'S  -  1  mch. 


HiulLiftli  Miles 


ilvoftU 


'West     fhcm    4     Grecnwieh 


r^t^dJulif-  > 


-A:^Ti:pkL\ij.  in^tiZiti 


41 


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42 


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30        TKwt    of  20  GrcawicJt       10 


vrq.^F'iSui  t.  0.'.i.  If'  ni^if/u/on  (;Ai^ft7>?o.\ii  In^Vtut,* 


w. 


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